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Chapter 1 Overviews1

1.1 Introduction1

1.2 Branches of surveying2

1.2.1 Geodetic surveying2

1.2.2 Plane surveying2

1.2.3 Topographic surveying3

1.2.4 Engineering surveying3

1.2.5 Cadastral surveying3

1.2.6 Hydrographic surveying3

1.2.7 Mine surveying4

1.3 Developments of surveying4

1.3.1 Surveying techniques5

1.3.2 Surveying equipments5

1.3.3 Origin of Geomatics6

1.4 Achievements of China's surveying7

Chapter 2 Datums of Surveying12

2.1 Introduction12

2.2 Geoid and reference ellipsoid12

2.2.1 Mean Sea Level and Geoid12

2.2.2 Reference ellipsoid13

2.3 Map projections14

2.3.1 Three kinds of projections15

2.3.2 Typical map projections20

2.4 Datums and coordinate system22

2.4.1 Horizontal and vertical datums22

2.4.2 Coordinate systems23

2.4.3 Coordinate conversions25

Chapter 3 Distance Measurement28

3.1 Introduction28

3.2 Taping28

3.3 Tacheometry30

3.4 EDM measurement31

Chapter 4 Elevation Measurement34

4.1 Introduction34

4.2 Leveling instruments34

4.2.1 Ordinary level34

4.2.2 Automatie level36

4.2.3 Digital level36

4.2.4 Laser level36

4.3 Spirit leveling work37

4.3.1 Principle of spirit leveling37

4.3.2 Methods of spirit leveling37

4.3.3 Refraction and curvature39

4.4 Trigonometric leveling40

4.4.1 Instruments oftrigonometric leveling40

4.4.2 Principle of trigonometric leveling40

4.4.3 Methods of trigonometric leveling41

Chapter 5 Angle Measurement43

5.1 Introduction43

5.1.1 Horizontal angle43

5.1.2 Vertical angle43

5.2 Direction and azimuth44

5.2.1 Direction of line44

5.2.2 Azimuth and bearing45

5.3 Theodolite46

5.3.1 Optical theodolite46

5.3.2 Electronic theodolite47

5.4 Angle measurement48

5.4.1 Horizontal angle measurement48

5.4.2 Vertical angle measurement50

Chapter 6 Measurement Errors52

6.1 Introduction52

6.1.1 Sources of errors52

6.1.2 Mistakes in measurements52

6.2 Classifications of errors53

6.2.1 Systematic errors53

6.2.2 Random errors53

6.3 Analysis of random errors54

6.3.1 Properties of random errors54

6.3.2 Mean and standard deviation55

6.3.3 Propagation of errors56

6.4 Least-squares adjustment57

6.4.1 Principles of adjustment57

6.4.2 Models of adiustment57

6.4.3 Adjustment methods58

Chapter 7 Control Surveying60

7.1 Control networks60

7.1.1 Types of control networks60

7.1.2 GPS control networks61

7.1.3 Accuracy of control surveying61

7.2 Triangulations and intersections62

7.2.1 Triangulation methods62

7.2.2 Intersection methods62

7.3 Traversing64

7.3.1 Classifications of traversing64

7.3.2 Closures of traversing66

7.3.3 Calculations of traversing67

7.3.4 Traverse networks68

7.4 Vertical control surveying68

7.4.1 Differential leveling68

7.4.2 Reciprocal leveling69

7.4.3 Trigonometric leveling70

Chapter 8 Engineering Surveying72

8.1 New survey equipments72

8.1.1 Total station72

8.1.2 Laser rangefinder74

8.1.3 3D laser scanner76

8.1.4 Gyro-theodolite78

8.2 Construction layout80

8.2.1 Establishing control points81

8.2.2 Construction layout81

8.2.3 Techniques of layout82

8.2.4 As-built surveys83

8.3 Deformation monitoring84

8.3.1 Deformation parameters85

8.3.2 Monitoring schemes86

8.3.3 Monitoring techniques88

8.3.4 Reference network design90

8.3.5 Monitoring data processing91

8.4 Surface subsidence observation92

8.4.1 Factors affecting surface subsidence92

8.4.2 Subsidence observation lines94

8.4.3 Frequency of subsidence surveys96

8.4.4 Survey instruments and techniques97

Chapter 9 Map and Cartography101

9.1 Introduction101

9.1.1 Map scale101

9.1.2 Map elements102

9.1.3 Map Types102

9.2 Cartographic technology103

9.2.1 Cartographic process103

9.2.2 Map design104

9.2.3 Computer-aided design106

9.3 Developments of cartography106

9.3.1 Technological advances106

9.3.2 Cartographic software107

9.3.3 Electronic maps107

Chapter 10 Global Positioning System109

10.1 Introduction109

10.2 Basic principles of GPS111

10.2.1 GPS positioning principle111

10.2.2 GPS positioning methods114

10.2.3 Error sources of GPS116

10.3 Differential GPS118

10.3.1 Differential principle118

10.3.2 Differential processing119

10.3.3 Accuracy of DGPS120

10.4 RTK GPS technology120

10.4.1 Basic principle of RTK120

10.4.2 Carrier phase tracking121

10.4.3 CORS Network ofRTK122

Chapter 11 Remote Sensing125

11.1 Overviews125

11.1.1 Concepts of RS125

11.1.2 Types of RS platforms126

11.1.3 Classifications of RS127

11.1.4 Applications of RS128

11.2 RS working principles129

11.2.1 Electromagnetic energy129

11.2.2 Interactions with the terrain129

11.2.3 RS working process131

11.3 Remote sensing data132

11.3.1 Ground referenee data132

11.3.2 RS data acquisition134

11.3.3 RS data formats135

11.4 RS data processing136

11.4.1 RS data interpretation137

11.4.2 Digital RS image processing138

11.4.3 Thematic Classification142

11.4.4 RS data integrations143

Chapter 12 Geographic Information System146

12.1 Introduction146

12.1.1 Components of GIS146

12.1.2 Functions of GIS148

12.1.3 Applications of GIS149

12.2 Data structures150

12.2.1 Raster Data Structures150

12.2.2 Vector Data Structures153

12.2.3 Comparisons of data structures156

12.3 Data processing157

12.3.1 Data input157

12.3.2 Data preprocessing158

12.3.3 Spatial analysis159

12.4 Product generation164

12.4.1 Map products164

12.4.2 Image products165

12.4.3 Statistical charts165

12.4.4 Digital Terrain Model166

References169

Vocabulary171