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Chapter 1 What is vague language?1

1.1 Introduction1

1.2 Defining vague language5

Acknowledgements10

1.3 Vagueness and communication13

The author and series editors15

Foreword17

1.4 The treatment of vague language in this book17

Text data,its sources,and presentation19

1.5 A working definition of vague language19

1.6 The place of vagueness in the study of language20

1.7 Organization of the book21

Chapter 2 Theory and methodology of the study of vague language23

2.1 Idealization23

2.2 Meaning and what it means to study meaning24

2.3 Levels of analysis of language26

2.4 Making judgements about language27

2.5 Distinguishing between semantics and pragmatics28

2.6 Semantics30

2.7 Representations of meaning30

2.8 Pragmatics31

2.9 'Context'and'pragmatics'34

2.10 Vagueness versus ambiguity34

2.11 Methodology38

2.12 Examples and other data39

2.13 Transcription of recorded data41

Chapter 3 Approximating quantities with numbers and approximators42

3.1 Introduction42

3.2 The general meaning of approximator+n structures44

3.3 About,around,and round45

3.4 Approximately50

3.5 n or m53

3.6 n or so59

3.7 Partial specifiers62

3.8 Combinations of approximators68

3.9 Numbers in approximations70

3.10 Implicatures and entailments of approximator+n structures72

3.11 Cross-linguistic comparison74

3.12 Summary75

Chapter 4 Approximating quantities with round numbers78

4.1 Using a precise number with a vague meaning78

4.2 'Round'numbers=reference point numbers81

4.3 'Faded' numbers as approximations86

4.4 How do we know when an apparently exact number is an approximation?87

4.5 Exaggeration89

4.6 Using a plural number name to approximate a quantity90

4.7 Cross-linguistic comparison93

4.8 Summary94

Chapter 5 Approximating quantities with non-numerical vague quantifiers95

5.1 Introduction95

5.2 Approach96

5.3 Plural quantifier+of+noun100

5.4 A+singular quantifier(+of+noun)104

5.5 Other uses of pseudopartitives109

5.6 Vague quantifier+countable noun111

5.7 Adverbs of frequency116

5.8 Summary118

Chapter 6 Referring vaguely to categories119

6.1 Introduction119

6.2 An outline analysis120

6.3 Testing for the meaning of vague category identifiers123

6.4 The structure of the tags131

6.5 Structure of exemplar+tag132

6.6 Co-occurrence restrictions140

6.7 Summary143

Chapter 7 Thingy and whatsisname:placeholder words157

7.1 Introduction157

7.2 Examples158

7.3 Semantics and pragmatics162

7.4 Summary164

8.2 Analytical approach165

8.1 Introduction165

Chapter 8 The uses of vague language165

8.3 Three scenarios showing vagueness166

8.4 Giving the right amount of information173

8.5 Deliberately withholding information178

8.6 Using language persuasively179

8.7 Lexical gaps180

8.8 Lacking specific information184

8.9 Displacement186

8.10 Self-protection188

8.11 Power and politeness190

8.12 Informality and atmosphere191

8.13 Women's language192

8.14 Summary194

Chapter 9 Going beyond the information given196

9.1 Summary196

9.2 Implications for language understanding198

9.3 Language and the world201

9.4 Consequences for linguistics202

9.5 Applications of the study of vague language in English204

9.6 An exercise on the analysis of vague language206

9.7 Looking forward208

Bibliography210

Glossary216

Index222