材料科学与工程基础 影印版2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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Chapter 1 Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering1

Introduction1

1-1 What is Materials Science and Engineering？2

1-2 Classification of Materials5

1-3 Functional Classification of Materials9

1-4 Classification of Materials Based on Structure11

1-5 Environmental and Other Effects12

1-6 Materials Design and Selection14

SUMMARY15

GLOSSARY16

PROBLEMS17

Chapter 2 Atomic Structure19

Introduction19

2-1 The Structure of Materials：Technological Relevance20

2-2 The Structure of the Atom21

2-3 The Electronic Structure of the Atom26

2-4 The Periodic Table28

2-5 Atomic Bonding30

2-6 Binding Energy and Interatomic Spacing37

SUMMARY40

GLOSSARY41

PROBLEMS43

Chapter 3 Atomic and Ionic Arrangements46

Introduction46

3-1 Short-Range Order versus Long-Range Order47

3-2 Amorphous Materials：Principles and Technological Applications49

3-3 Lattice，Unit Cells，Basis，and Crystal Structures50

3-4 Allotropic or Polymorphic Transformations58

3-5 Points，Directions，and Planes in the Unit Cell59

3-6 Interstitial Sites69

3-7 Crystal Structures of Ionic Materials71

3-8 Covalent Structures74

3-9 Diffraction Techniques for Crystal Structure Analysis75

SUMMARY77

GLOSSARY78

PROBLEMS80

Chapter 4 Imperfections in the Atomic and Ionic Arrangements84

Introduction84

4-1 Point Defects85

4-2 Other Point Defects91

4-3 Dislocations92

4-4 Significance of Dislocations99

4-5 Schmid’s Law99

4-6 Influence of Crystal Structure101

4-7 Surface Defects102

4-8 Importance of Defects106

SUMMARY109

GLOSSARY109

PROBLEMS111

Chapter 5 Atom and Ion Movements in Materials114

Introduction114

5-1 Applications of Diffusion115

5-2 Stability of Atoms and Ions117

5-3 Mechanisms for Diffusion119

5-4 Activation Energy for Diffusion121

5-5 Rate of Diffusion （Fick’s First Law）122

5-6 Factors Affecting Diffusion125

5-7 Permeability of Polymers131

5-8 Composition Profile （Fick’s Second Law）132

5-9 Diffusion and Materials Processing136

SUMMARY137

GLOSSARY138

PROBLEMS139

Chapter 6 Mechanical Properties：Fundamentals and Tensile，Hardness，and Impact Testing143

Introduction143

6-1 Technological Significance144

6-2 Terminology for Mechanical Properties145

6-3 The Tensile Test：Use of the Stress-Strain Diagram149

6-4 Properties Obtained from the Tensile Test153

6-5 True Stress and True Strain159

6-6 The Bend Test for Brittle Materials161

6-7 Hardness of Materials164

6-8 Strain Rate Effects and Impact Behavior166

6-9 Properties Obtained from the Impact Test167

SUMMARY170

GLOSSARY170

PROBLEMS173

Chapter 7 Fracture Mechanics，Fatigue，and Creep Behavior177

Introduction177

7-1 Fracture Mechanics178

7-2 The Importance of Fracture Mechanics181

7-3 Microstructural Features of Fracture in Metallic Materials184

7-4 Microstructural Features of Fracture in Ceramics，Glasses，and Composites188

7-5 Weibull Statistics for Failure Strength Analysis190

7-6 Fatigue195

7-7 Results of the Fatigue Test198

7-8 Application of Fatigue Testing200

7-9 Creep，Stress Rupture，and Stress Corrosion204

7-10 Evaluation of Creep Behavior206

SUMMARY207

GLOSSARY208

PROBLEMS209

Chapter 8 Strain Hardening and Annealing213

Introduction213

8-1 Relationship of Cold Working to the Stress-Strain Curve214

8-2 Strain-Hardening Mechanisms219

8-3 Properties versus Percent Cold Work220

8-4 Microstructure，Texture Strengthening，and Residual Stresses223

8-5 Characteristics of Cold Working227

8-6 The Three Stages of Annealing229

8-7 Control of Annealing232

8-8 Annealing and Materials Processing234

8-9 Hot Working236

SUMMARY238

GLOSSARY238

PROBLEMS240

Chapter 9 Principles and Applications of Solidification245

Introduction245

9-1 Technological Significance246

9-2 Nucleation247

9-3 Growth Mechanisms252

9-4 Cooling Curves257

9-5 Cast Structure259

9-6 Solidification Defects260

9-7 Casting Processes for Manufacturing Components262

9-8 Continuous Casting，Ingot Casting，and Single Crystal Growth264

9-9 Solidification of Polymers and Inorganic Glasses266

9-10 Joining of Metallic Materials267

SUMMARY269

GLOSSARY269

PROBLEMS272

Chapter 10 Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium277

Introduction277

10-1 Phases and the Phase Diagram278

10-2 Solubility and Solid Solutions282

10-3 Conditions for Unlimited Solid Solubility285

10-4 Solid-Solution Strengthening286

10-5 Isomorphous Phase Diagrams289

10-6 Relationship Between Properties and the Phase Diagram298

10-7 Solidification of a Solid-Solution Alloy299

SUMMARY301

GLOSSARY302

PROBLEMS304

Chapter 11 Dispersion Strengthening and Eutectic Phase Diagrams309

Introduction309

11-1 Principles and Examples of Dispersion Strengthening310

11-2 Intermetallic Compounds311

11-3 Phase Diagrams Containing Three-Phase Reactions313

11-4 The Eutectic Phase Diagram316

11-5 Strength of Eutectic Alloys326

11-6 Eutectics and Materials Processing331

11-7 Nonequilibrium Freezing in the Eutectic System333

SUMMARY334

GLOSSARY335

PROBLEMS336

Chapter 12 Dispersion Strengthening by Phase Transformations andHeat Treatment342

Introduction342

12-1 Nucleation and Growth in Solid-State Reactions343

12-2 Alloys Strengthened by Exceeding the Solubility Limit347

12-3 Age or Precipitation Hardening349

12-4 Applications of Age-Hardened Alloys349

12-5 Microstructural Evolution in Age or Precipitation Hardening350

12-6 Effects of Aging Temperature and Time352

12-7 Requirements for Age Hardening354

12-8 Use of Age-Hardenable Alloys at High Temperatures354

12-9 The Eutectoid Reaction355

12-10 Controlling the Eutectoid Reaction360

12-11 The Martensitic Reaction and Tempering365

SUMMARY369

GLOSSARY370

PROBLEMS372

Chapter 13 Heat Treatment of Steels and Cast Irons376

Introduction376

13-1 Designations and Classification of Steels377

13-2 Simple Heat Treatments381

13-3 Isothermal Heat Treatments383

13-4 Quench and Temper Heat Treatments386

13-5 Effect of Alloying Elements391

13-6 Application of Hardenability394

13-7 Specialty Steels397

13-8 Surface Treatments398

13-9 Weldability of Steel401

13-10 Stainless Steels402

13-11 Cast Irons406

SUMMARY412

GLOSSARY412

PROBLEMS415

Chapter 14 Nonferrous Alloys420

Introduction420

14-1 Aluminum Alloys421

14-2 Magnesium and Beryllium Alloys428

14-3 Copper Alloys430

14-4 Nickel and Cobalt Alloys433

14-5 Titanium Alloys437

14-6 Refractory and Precious Metals444

SUMMARY445

GLOSSARY445

PROBLEMS446

Chapter 15 Ceramic Materials449

Introduction449

15-1 Applications of Ceramics450

15-2 Properties of Ceramics452

15-3 Synthesis and Processing of Ceramic Powders453

15-4 Characteristics of Sintered Ceramics458

15-5 Inorganic Glasses460

15-6 Glass-Ceramics466

15-7 Processing and Applications of Clay Products468

15-8 Refractories469

15-9 Other Ceramic Materials471

SUMMARY473

GLOSSARY474

PROBLEMS475

Chapter 16 Polymers477

Introduction477

16-1 Classification of Polymers478

16-2 Addition and Condensation Polymerization482

16-3 Degree of Polymerization485

16-4 Typical Thermoplastics487

16-5 Structure-Property Relationships in Thermoplastics489

16-6 Effect of Temperature on Thermoplastics493

16-7 Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastics499

16-8 Elastomers （Rubbers）504

16-9 Thermosetting Polymers509

16-10 Adhesives511

16-11 Polymer Processing and Recycling512

SUMMARY517

GLOSSARY518

PROBLEMS520

Chapter 17 Composites：Teamwork and Synergy in Materials523

Introduction523

17-1 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites525

17-2 Particulate Composites527

17-3 Fiber-Reinforced Composites532

17-4 Characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced Composites537

17-5 Manufacturing Fibers and Composites544

17-6 Fiber-Reinforced Systems and Applications548

17-7 Laminar Composite Materials555

17-8 Examples and Applications of Laminar Composites557

17-9 Sandwich Structures558

SUMMARY559

GLOSSARY560

PROBLEMS562

Appendix A：Selected Physical Properties of Metals565

Appendix B：The Atomic and Ionic Radii of Selected Elements567

Answers to Selected Problems569

Index572