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PART ONE GENERAL PRINCIPLES1

1 SOILS，ROCKS，AND SOILMOISTURE3

1-1：Components of Soils3

1-2：Relationships between Void Ratio，Water Content，and Unit Weight4

1-3：Engineering Properties of Soils5

1-4：Grain Size of Soils7

1-5：Shear Strength8

1-6：Permeability9

1-7：Engineering Properties of Granular Soils10

1-8：Engineering Properties of Cohesive Soils13

1-9：Engineering Properties of Silt and Loess18

1-10：Engineering Properties of Organic Soils19

1-11：Engineering Properties of Rocks19

1-12：Typical Engineering Properties of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks12

1-13：Engineering Properties of Sedimentary Rocks22

1-14：Ground Water and Associated Phenomena23

2 SOIL EXPLORATION29

2-1：Purpose of Soil Exploration29

2-2：Planning an Exploration Program30

2-3：Available Information30

2-4：Reconnaissance32

2-5：Preliminary Design Data32

2-6：Common Types of Boring，Sampling，and Testing33

2-7：Standard Penetration Test37

2-8：Thin-walled Tube (Shelby Tube) Sampling40

2-9：Vane Test42

2-10：Number of Borings42

2-11：Depths of Borings43

2-12：Ground Water Measurement43

2-13：Geologic Profile：Soil Profile45

2-14：Common Soil Tests46

2-15：Example of a Soil Exploration Program49

3 LOADS，BEARING CAPACITY，AND SETTLEMENT53

3-1：Types of Loads53

3-2：Calculation of Loads56

3-3：Bearing Capacity57

3-4：Causes of Settlement60

3-5：Consolidation60

3-6：Differential Settlement62

3-7：Calculation of Loads for Settlement Analysis65

3-8：Settlement Cracks66

3-9：Improving Bearing Capacity by Compaction67

4 LATERAL PRESSURES73

4-1：Basic Concepts73

4-2：Earth Pressure Theories76

4-3：Rankine Theory77

4-4：Wedge Theory78

4-5：Hansen Theory84

4-6：Determination of Soil Properties for Earth Pressure Computation85

4-7：Overcompaction86

4-8：Seepage Pressure86

4-9：Surcharge Load88

4-10：Ice Thrust90

4-11：Earth Pressure during Earthquakes92

4-12：Wave Pressure93

4-13：Other Lateral Forces95

5 FOUNDATION DRAINAGE AND WATERPROOFING97

5-1：Introduction97

5-2：Methods of Dewatering97

5-3：Stability of Bottom of Excavation103

5-4：Foundation Drainage105

5-5：Criteria for Selection of Filter Material106

5-6：Waterproofing107

5-7：Dampproofing109

5-8：Waterstops109

PART TWO FOUNDATIONS111

6 SPREAD FOOTINGS113

6-1：Use of Spread Footings113

6-2：Common Types of Footings113

6-3：Design of Footings115

6-4：Depth of Footings115

6-5：Bearing Capacity of Soils under Footings and Mat Foundations117

6-6：Footing Size Proportions124

6-7：Stress on Lower Strata125

6-8：Settlement of Footings128

6-9：Eccentric Loading130

6-10：Inclined Load135

6-11：Footings on Slopes137

6-12：Uplift of Footings137

6-13：Structural Design of Footings138

6-14：Fixity of Column Base and Rotation of Footing141

6-15：Construction142

6-16：Design Example144

7 STRAP FOOTINGS，COMBINED FOOTINGS，AND MAT FOUNDATIONS151

7-1：Uses of Strap Footings，Combined Footings，and Mat Foundations151

7-2：Common Types an Arrangement of Strap Footings，Combined Footings，and Mat Foundations153

7-3：Design of Strap Footings154

7-4：Design Methods for Combined Footings and Mat Foundations159

7-5：Design of Combined Footings161

7-6：Allowable Bearing Pressure for Mat Foundations174

7-7：Design of Mat Foundations174

7-8：Coefficient of Subgrade Reaction185

7-9：General Considerations in Design of Mat Foundations189

7-10：Construction of Mat Foundation190

8 PILE FOUNDATIONS193

8-1：Use of Piles193

8-2：Types of Piles193

8-3：Timber Piles196

8-4：Precast Concrete Piles198

8-5：Cast-in-place Concrete Piles200

8-6：Composite Piles202

8-7：Steel Piles203

8-8：Design of Pile Foundations209

8-9：Determination of Type and Length of Piles210

8-10：Pile Capacity211

8-11：Pile Spacing and Group Action216

8-12：Stress on Lower Strata218

8-13：Settlement Analysis220

8-14：Design of Pile Caps223

8-15：Uplift225

8-16：Lateral Load226

8-17：Batter Piles227

8-18：Negative Skin Friction239

8-19：Test Piles240

8-20：Construction of Pile Foundation244

8-21：Damage，Alignment，and Effect of Pile Driving250

9 DRILLED CAISSONS255

9-1：Use of Drilled Caissons255

9-2：Types of Drilled Caissons256

9-3：Design of Drilled Caissons258

9-4：Bearing Capacity of Drilled Caissons258

9-5：Skin Friction of Caisson Shaft261

9-6：Stress on Lower Strata262

9-7：Settlement of Drilled Caissons263

9-8：Design of Elements of Drilled Caissons264

9-9：Bending Moment and Eccentricity270

9-10：Horizontal Fore on Drilled Caissons272

9-11：Construction of Drilled Caissons273

9-12：Problems Concerning Construction of Drilled Caissons281

9-13：Design Example281

10 CAISSONS289

10-1：Use of Caisons289

10-2：Types of Caissons290

10-3：Size and Shape of Caissons292

10-4：Design of Caissons293

10-5：Cutting Edge298

10-6：Construction of Caissons299

10-7：Sand Island Method301

10-8：Pneumatic Caissons303

10-9：Box Caissons (Floating Caissons)307

PART THREE RETAINING STRUCTURES309

11 RETAINING WALLS311

11-1：Common Uses of Retaining Walls311

11-2：Principal Types of Retaining Walls313

11-3：Design of Retaining Walls313

11-4：Proportions of Retaining Walls314

11-5：Earth Pressure Computation316

11-6：Stability of Rataining Walls317

11-7：Design of Structural Components325

11-8：Backfull Drainage332

11-9：Settlement and Tilting of Retaining Walls333

11-10：Construction of Retaining Walls334

11-11：Design Example337

12 SHEETPILING WALLS347

12-1：Use of Sheetpiling Walls347

12-2：Common Types of Sheet Piles347

12-3：Common Types of Sheetpiling Walls351

12-4：Durability of Steel Sheetpiling352

12-5：Design of Sheetpiling Walls354

12-6：Lateral Pressure Acting on Sheetpiling Walls355

12-7：Design of Cantilever Sheetpiling Walls358

12-8：Design of Anchored Sheetpiling Wall364

12-9：Stability of Sheetpiling in Cohesive Soils368

12-10：Rowe＇s Theory of Moment Reduction369

12-11：Wales and Tie Rods371

12-12：Methods for Reducing Lateral Pressure373

12-13：Types of Anchorage374

12-14：Capacity of Deadmen375

12-15：Location of Anchorage377

12-16：Construction of Sheetpiling Walls378

12-17：Design Examples379

13 BRACED COFFERDAMS389

13-1：Common Uses of Braced Cofferdams389

13-2：Common Types of Braced Cofferdams390

13-3：Design of Braced Cofferdam391

13-4：Lateral Pressure on Braced Cofferdams392

13-5：Components of Braced Cofferdams396

13-6：Stability of Braced Cofferdams397

13-7：Piping401

13-8：Design Example403

11 RETAINING WALLS311

11-1：Common Uses of Retaining Walls311

11-2：Principal Types of Retaining Walls313

11-3：Design of Retaining Walls313

11-4：Proportions of Retaining Walls314

11-5：Earth Pressure Computation316

11-6：Stability of Retaining Walls317

11-7：Design of Structural Components325

11-8：Backfill Drainage332

11-9：Settlement and Tilting of Retaining Walls333

11-10：Construction of Retaining Walls334

11-11：Design Example337

12 SHEETPILING WALLS347

12-1：Use of Sheetpiling Walls347

12-2：Common Types of Sheet Piles347

12-3：Common Types of Sheetpiling Walls351

12-4：Durability of Steel Sheetpiling352

12-5：Design of Sheetpiling Walls354

12-6：Lateral Pressure Acting on Sheetpiling Walls355

12-7：Design of Cantilever Sheetpiling Walls358

12-8：Design of Anchored Sheetpiling Wall364

12-9：Stability of Sheetpiling in Cohesive Soils368

12-10：Rowe＇s Theory of Moment Reduction369

12-11：Wales and Tie Rods371

12-12：Methods for Reducing Lateral Pressure373

12-13：Types of Anchorage374

12-14：Capacity of Deadmen375

12-15：Location of Anchroage377

12-16：Construction of Sheetpiling Walls378

12-17：Design Examples379

13 BRACED COFFERDAMS389

13-1：Common Uses of Braced Cofferdams389

13-2：Common Types of Braced Cofferdams390

13-3：Design of Braced Cofferdam391

13-4：Lateral Pressure on Braced Cofferdams392

13-5：Components of Braced Cofferdams396

13-6：Stability of Braced Cofferdams397

13-7：Piping401

13-8：Design Example403

14 CELLULAR COFFERDAMS409

14-1：Common Types of Cofferdams409

14-2：Common Uses of Cellular Cofferdams409

14-3：Common Types of Cellular Cofferdams412

14-4：Components of Cellular Cofferdams413

14-5：Design of Cellular Cofferdams415

14-6：Material Survey and Tests415

14-7：Average Width of Cofferdams416

14-8：Stability Analysis－Cofferdams on Rock417

14-9：Stability Analysis－Cofferdams in Deep Soil420

14-10：Hansen＇s Theory of Stability of Cellular Cofferdams421

14-11：Interlock Stress422

14-12：Construction of Cellular Cofferdams423

14-13：Design Example425

APPENDIX431

A-1：Soil Classification431

A-2：Unified Soil Classification System431

A-3：Highway Research Board (or AASHO) Soil Classification System432

A-4：Pedological Classification System432

A-5：Classification of Soils by Geological Origins435

GEOPHYSICAL MAPS OF CONTINENT AT U．S．A．443

Distribution of Soils444

Earthquake Zones445

Physical Divisions446

REFERENCES449

AUTHOR INDEX457

INDEX459