分析化学和定量分析 英文版2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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Chapter 1 An Overview of Analytical Chemistry1

1.1 Introduction:The Case of the Mysterious Chemist1

1.2 The History of Chemical Analysis2

1.2A Origins of Chemical Analysis2

1.2B Chemical Analysis in the Modern World3

1.3 General Terms Used in Chemical Analysis4

1.3A Sample-Related Terms4

1.3B Method-Related Terms5

1.4 Information Provided by Chemical Analysis7

1.5 Overview of Text9

Key Words9

Other Terms9

Questions9

References11

Chapter 2 Good Laboratory Practices12

2.1 Introduction:A Question of Quality12

2.1A What Are Good Laboratory Practices?12

2.1B Establishing Good Laboratory Practices13

BOX 2.1:The Polymerase Chain Reaction14

2.2 Laboratory Safety16

2.2A Common Components of Laboratory Safety16

2.2B Identifying Chemical Hazards16

BOX 2.2:Determining the Safety of Chemicals18

2.2C Sources of Information on Chemicals19

2.2D Proper Handling of Chemicals21

2.3 The Laboratory Notebook22

2.3A Recommended Notebook Practices22

2.3B Electronic Notebooks and Spreadsheets23

2.4 Reporting Experimental Data25

2.4A The SI System of Measurements25

2.4B Significant Figures29

Key Words31

Other Terms31

Questions31

References34

Chapter 3 Mass and Volume Measurements36

3.1 Introduction:J.J.Berzelius36

3.2 Mass Measurements37

3.2A The Determination of Mass37

3.2B Types of Laboratory Balances38

BOX 3.1:Atomic Force Microscopy39

3.2C Recommended Procedures for Mass Measurements41

3.3 Volume Measurements43

3.3A The Determination of Volume44

3.3B Types of Volumetric Equipment45

3.3C Recommended Procedures for Volume Measurements48

3.4 Samples,Reagents,and Solutions50

3.4A Describing Sample and Reagent Composition50

3.4B Solution Preparation54

Key Words58

Other Terms58

Questions58

References63

Chapter 4 Making Decisions with Data64

4.1 Introduction:Take Me Out to the Ball Game?64

4.1A Types of Laboratory Errors65

4.1B Accuracy and Precision65

4.2 Describing Experimental Results66

4.2A Determining the Most Representative Value66

4.2B Reporting the Variation in a Group of Results67

4.3 The Propagation of Errors68

4.3A Addition and Subtraction68

4.3B Multiplication and Division69

4.3C Logarithms,Antilogarithms,and Exponents70

4.3D Mixed Calculations71

4.4 Sample Distributions and Confidence Intervals71

4.4A Describing the Variation in Large Data Sets72

4.4B Describing the Variation in Small Data Sets73

BOX 4.1:Who Was"Student"?75

4.5 Comparing Experimental Results76

4.5A General Requirements for the Comparison of Data76

4.5B Comparing an Experimental Result with a Reference Value76

4.5C Comparing Two or More Experimental Results77

BOX 4.2:Selecting a Confidence Level78

4.5D Comparing the Variation in Results80

4.6 Detecting Outliers81

4.6A General Strategy in Handling Outliers81

4.6B Statistical Tests for Outliers81

4.7 Fitting Experimental Results83

4.7A Linear Regression83

4.7B Testing the Goodness of a Fit84

Key Words87

Other Terms88

Questions88

References94

Chapter 5 Characterization and Selection of Analytical Methods95

5.1 Introduction:The Vinland Map95

5.2 Method Characterization and Validation96

5.2A Accuracy and Precision96

BOX 5.1:A Closer Look at Small Samples97

5.2B Assay Response99

5.2C Other Properties of Analytical Methods103

5.3 Quality Control103

5.3A General Requirements for Quality Control103

5.3B Preparing and Using Control Charts103

5.4 Sample Collection and Preparation104

5.4A Sample Collection105

5.4B Sample Preparation106

Key Words109

Other Terms109

Questions109

References113

Chapter 6 Chemical Activity and Chemical Equilibrium115

6.1 Introduction:"And the Long-Range Forecast Is..."115

6.1A Types of Chemical Reactions and Transitions115

6.1B Describing Chemical Reactions116

6.2 Chemical Activity117

6.2A What Is Chemical Activity?117

BOX 6.1:Carbon-14 Dating118

6.2B Chemical Activity in Analytical Methods121

6.3 Chemical Equilibrium125

6.3A What Is a Chemical Equilibrium?125

6.3B Solving Chemical Equilibrium Problems130

Key Words136

Other Terms136

Questions136

References139

Chapter 7 Chemical Solubility and Precipitation141

7.1 Introduction:Fighting Stomach Cancer141

7.1A What Is Solubility?141

7.1B What Is Precipitation?142

7.1C Why Are Solubility and Precipitation Important in Chemical Analysis?143

7.2 Chemical Solubility144

7.2A What Determines Chemical Solubility?144

BOX 7.1:X-Ray Crystallography145

7.2B How Can We Describe Chemical Solubility?147

7.2C How Can We Determine the Solubility of a Chemical?153

7.3 Chemical Precipitation154

7.3A The Process of Precipitation154

7.3B Using Solubility Products to Examine Precipitation155

7.3C Effects of Other Chemicals and Reactions on Precipitation157

Key Words159

Other Terms159

Questions159

References164

Chapter 8 Acid-Base Reactions165

8.1 Introduction:Rain,Rain Go Away165

8.1A What Is an Acid or a Base?166

8.1B Why Are Acids and Bases Important in Chemical Analysis?168

8.2 Describing Acids and Bases169

8.2A Strong and Weak Acids169

8.2B Strong and Weak Bases170

8.2C The Acid and Base Properties of Water171

8.3 The Acid or Base Properties of a Solution173

8.3A What Is pH?173

8.3B Factors that Affect pH175

8.4 Estimating the pH of Simple Acid-Base Solutions176

8.4A Monoprotic Strong Acids and Bases176

8.4B Monoprotic Weak Acids and Bases178

8.5 Buffers and Polyprotic ACid-Base Systems181

8.5A Buffer Solutions181

BOX 8.1:Preparing Buffers182

8.5B Polyprotic Acid-Base Systems185

8.5C Zwitterions190

Key Words195

Other Terms195

Questions195

References201

Chapter 9 Complex Formation203

9.1 Introduction:What's in My Mayo?203

9.1A What Is Complex Formation?203

9.1B What Are Some Analytical.Applications of Complex Formation?204

9.2 Simple Metal-Ligand Complexes204

9.2A What Is a Metal-Ligand Complex?205

9.2B Formation Constants for Metal-Ligand Complexes207

9.2C Predicting the Distribution of Metal-Ligand Complexes208

BOX 9.1:A Closer Look at Metal-Ligand Complex Formation209

9.3 Complexes of Chelating Agents with Metal Ions213

9.3A What Is a Chelating Agent?213

9.3B The Chelate Effect214

9.3C Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid214

9.3D Dealing with Side Reactions217

9.4 Other Types of Complexes220

9.4A A General Description of Complex Formation220

9.4B Examples of Alternative Complexes221

BOX 9.2:Immunoassays222

Key Words223

Other Terms223

Questions223

References228

Chapter 10 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions230

10.1 Introduction:Saving the Arizona230

10.1A What Are Oxidation-Reduction Reactions?230

10.1B How Are Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Used in Analytical Chemistry?232

10.2 General Principles of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions232

10.2A Describing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions232

10.2B Identifying Oxidation-Reduction Reactions233

10.2C Predicting the Extent of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions235

10.3 Electrochemical Cells238

10.3A Describing Electrochemical Cells238

BOX 10.1:A Shorthand Description of Electrochemical Cells240

10.3B Predicting the Behavior of Electrochemical Cells241

10.4 The Nernst Equation243

10.4A Working with the Nernst Equation243

BOX 10.2:A Closer Look at the Nernst Equation244

10.4B Calculating Potentials for Oxidation-Reduction Reactions245

10.4C Effects of the Sample Matrix and Side Reactions247

Key Words251

Other Terms251

Questions252

References258

Chapter 11 Gravimetric Analysis259

11.1 Introduction:Fixing the Periodic Table259

11.1A What Is Gravimetric Analysis?259

11.1B How Is Gravimetric Analysis Used in Analytical Chemistry?260

11.2 Performing a Traditional Gravimetric Analysis261

11.2A General Strategies and Methods261

11.2B Filtering Precipitates262

11.2C Drying and Weighing Precipitates266

11.2D Methods for Obtaining High-Quality Precipitates266

11.3 Examples of Gravimetric Methods269

11.3A Precipitation of Silver with Chloride269

11.3B Precipitation of Iron with Hydroxide271

11.3C Precipitation of Nickel with Dimethylglyoxime272

11.3D Combustion Analysis273

11.3E Thermogravimetric Analysis275

BOX 11.1:Combustion Analysis,Then and Now276

Key Words277

Other Terms278

Questions278

References282

Chapter 12 Acid-Base Titrations283

12.1 Introduction:Rise of the Titrations283

12.1A What ls an Acid-Base Titration?283

12.1B How Are Acid-Base Titrations Used in Analytical Chemistry?284

BOX 12.1:The Kjeldahl Method288

12.2 Performing an Acid-Base Titration289

12.2A Preparing Titrant and Sample Solutions289

12.2B Performing a Titration292

12.2C Determining the End Point293

12.3 Predicting and Optimizing Acid-Base Titrations296

12.3A Describing Acid-Base Titrations296

12.3B Titration Curves for Strong Acids and Bases298

12.3C Titration Curves for Weak Acids and Bases302

12.3D A Closer Look at Acid-Base Titrations306

Key Words312

Other Terms312

Questions312

References318

Chapter 13 Complexometric and Precipitation Titrations319

13.1 Introduction:How Hard Is the Water?319

13.1A What Is a Complexometric or Precipitation Titration?319

13.1B How Are Complexometric and Precipitation Titrations Used in Analytical Chemistry?322

13.2 Performing a Complexometric Titration322

13.2A Titrants and Standard Solutions322

13.2B Using Auxiliary Ligands and Masking Agents326

13.2C Determining the End Point327

13.2D Predicting and Optimizing Complexometric Titrations329

13.3 Performing a Precipitation Titratio n333

13.3A Titrants and Standard Solutions333

13.3B Determining the End Point334

BOX 13.1:A King with a Problem335

13.3C Predicting and Optimizing Precipitation Titrations337

Key Words341

Other Terms341

Questions341

References347

Chapter 14 An Introduction to Electrochemical Analysis348

14.1 Introduction:Getting a Brighter Smile348

14.1A Units of Electrical Measurements348

14.1B Methods for Electrochemical Analysis351

14.2 General Principles of Potentiometry351

14.2A Cell Potentials and the Nernst Equation351

14.2B Cell Components in Potentiometry352

14.2C Applications of Potentiometry356

14.3 Ion-Selective Electrodes and Related Devices356

14.3A Glass Membrane Electrodes357

BOX 14.1:Creation of the pH Meter357

14.3B Solid-State Ion-Selective Electrodes359

14.3C Compound Electrodes360

Key Words361

Other Terms361

Questions361

References364

Chapter 15 Redox Titrations365

15.1 Introduction:Chemical Oxygen Demand365

15.1A What Is a Redox Titration?365

15.1B How Are Redox Titrations Used in Analytical Chemistry?367

15.2 Performing a Redox Titration368

15.2A Preparing Titrants and Samples368

15.2B Finding the End Point370

15.3 Predicting and Optimizing Redox Titrations373

15.3A General Approach to Calculations for Redox Titrations373

15.3B Estimating the Shape of a Redox Titration Curve374

15.3C Using the Fraction of Titration377

15.4 Examples of Redox Titrations378

15.4A Titrations Involving Cerate378

15.4B Titrations Involving Permanganate378

15.4C Titrations Involving Dichromate382

15.4D Titrations Involving Iodine383

BOX 15.1:The Karl Fischer Method385

Key Words386

Other Terms386

Questions386

References390

Chapter 16 Coulometry,Voltammetry,and Related Methods392

16.1 Introduction:The Dead Zone392

16.2 Electrogravimetry392

16.3 Coulometry394

16.3A Direct Coulometry395

16.3B Coulometric Titrations395

16.3C Constant Potential Coulometry397

16.4 Voltammetry and Amperometry397

16.4A Direct Current Voltammetry397

16.4B Amperometry399

BOX 16.1:Cyclic Voltammetry400

16.4C Anodic Stripping Voltammetry401

Key Words402

Other Terms402

Questions402

References404

Chapter 17 An Introduction to Spectroscopy405

17.1 Introduction:The View from Above405

17.1A What Is Spectroscopy?405

17.1B How Is Spectroscopy Used in Analytical Chemistry?407

17.2 The Properties of Light407

17.2A What Is Light?408

BOX 17.1:NMR:Tuning into Chemical Structure412

17.2B Uptake and Release of Light by Matter413

17.2C Physical Interactions of Light with Matter416

17.3 Quantitative Analysis Based on Spectroscopy421

17.3A Analysis Based on Emission421

17.3B Analysis Based on Absorption421

BOX 17.2:A Closer Look at Beer's Law423

Key Words427

Other Terms427

Questions427

References433

Chapter 18 Molecular Spectroscopy434

18.1 Introduction:The Good,the Bad,and the Ugly434

18.1A What Is Molecular Spectroscopy?434

18.1B How Is Molecular Spectroscopy Used in Chemical Analysis?435

18.2 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy435

18.2A General Principles of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy435

18.2B Instrumentation for Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy437

18.2C Applications of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy440

18.3 Infrared Spectroscopy445

18.3A General Principles of Infrared Spectroscopy445

18.3B Instrumentation for Infrared Spectroscopy446

BOX 18.1:Raman Spectroscopy447

18.3C Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy448

18.4 Molecular Luminescence450

18.4A General Principles of Luminescence450

18.4B Instrumentation for Luminescence Measurements452

18.4C Applications of Molecular Luminescence452

Key Words453

Other Terms453

Questions453

References457

Chapter 19 Atomic Spectroscopy459

19.1 Introduction:Star Light,Star Bright459

19.1A What Is Atomic Spectroscopy?459

19.1B How Is Atomic Spectroscopy Used in Chemical Analysis?460

19.2 Principles of Atomic Spectroscopy461

19.2A Sample Atomization461

19.2B Sample Excitation461

19.2C Properties of Flames461

19.2D Analyte Measurement463

19.3 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry464

BOX 19.1:Tuning into Lasers464

19.3A Laminar Flow Instruments465

19.3B Graphite-Furnace Instruments466

19.3C Optimizing Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy467

19.4 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy470

19.4A Flame Instruments470

19.4B Plasma Instruments470

Key Words472

Other Terms472

Questions472

References475

Chapter 20 An Introduction to Chemical Separations476

20.1 Introduction:The Green Revolution476

20.1A What Is a Chemical Separation?476

20.1B How Are Chemical Separations Used in Analytical Chemistry?477

20.2 Chemical Separations Based on Extractions478

20.2A What Is an Extraction?478

20.2B Using and Describing Extractions480

BOX 20.1:Supercritical Fluid Extractions480

20.2C A Closer Look at Extractions482

20.3 Chemical Separations Based on Chromatography485

20.3A What Is Chromatography?485

20.3B Using and Describing Chromatography487

20.4A Closer Look at Chromatography488

20.4A Analyte Retention in Chromatography488

20.4B Chromatographic Band-Broadening490

BOX 20.2:A Closer Look at the van Deemter Equation495

20.4C Controlling Chromatographic Separations496

Key Words498

Other Terms498

Questions499

References505

Chapter 21 Gas Chromatography507

21.1 Introduction:Theree's Something in the Air507

21.1A What Is Gas Chromatography?507

21.1B How Is Gas Chromatography Performed?508

21.2 Factors that Affect Gas Chromatography510

21.2A Requirements for the Analyte510

21.2B Factors that Determine Retention in Gas Chromatography512

21.2C Column Efficiency in Gas Chromatography515

BOX 21.1:Comparing Gas Chromatography Stationary Phases515

21.3 Gas Chromatography,Mobile Phases,and Elution Methods515

21.3A Common Mobile Phases in Gas Chromatography515

21.3B Elution Methods in Gas Chromatography516

21.4 Gas Chromatography Supports and Stationary Phases517

21.4A Gas Chromatography Support Materials517

BOX 21.2:Analytical Chemistry in Space518

21.4B Gas Chromatography Stationary Phases519

21.5 Gas Chromatography Detectors and Sample Handling522

21.5A Types of Gas Chromatography Detectors522

21.5B Sample Injection and Pretreatment527

Key Words530

Other Terms530

Questions531

References535

Chapter 22 Liquid Chromatography537

22.1 Introduction:Battling a Modern Epidemic537

22.1A What Is Liquid Chromatography?537

22.1B How Is Liquid Chromatography Performed?538

22.2 Factors that Aftect Liquid Chromatography539

22.2A Requirements for the Analyte539

22.2B Column Efficiency in Liquid Chromatography540

22.2C Role of the Mobile Phase in Liquid Chromatography540

BOX 22.1:Paper Chromatography and TLC542

22.3 Types of Liquid Chromatography543

22.3A Adsorption Chromatography543

22.3B Partition Chromatography545

22.3C Ion-Exchange Chromatography548

22.3D Size-Exclusion Chromatography552

22.3E Affinity Chromatography553

22.4 Liquid Chromatography Detectors and Sample Pretreatment556

22.4A Types of Liquid Chromatography Detectors556

BOX 2.2:Chiral Separations557

22.4B Liquid Chromatography Equipment and Sample Pretreatment561

Key Words564

Other Terms564

Questions564

References569

Chapter 23 Electrophoresis571

23.1 Introduction:The Human Genome Project571

23.1A What Is Electrophoresis?571

23.1B How Is Electrophoresis Performed?573

23.2 General Principles of Electrophoresis574

23.2A Factors Affecting Analyte Migration574

23.2B Factors Affecting Band-Broadening576

23.3 Gel Electrophoresis577

23.3A What Is Gel Electrophoresis?577

23.3B How Is Gel Electrophoresis Performed?578

23.3C What Are Some Special Types of Gel Electrophoresis?579

BOX 23.1:Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry580

23.4 Capillary Electrophoresis582

23.4A What Is Capillary Electrophoresis?582

23.4B How Is Capillary Electrophoresis Performed?583

23.4C What Are Some Special Types of Capillary Electrophoresis?587

BOX 23.2:Analytical Chemistry on a Chip587

Key Words590

Other Terms590

Questions590

References595

Appendices597

Answers to Selected Questions635

Glossary645

Index673