Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys THIRD EDITION2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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1 Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams1

1.1 Equilibrium1

1.2 Single Component Systems4

1.2.1 Gibbs Free Energy as a Function of Temperature4

1.2.2 Pressure Effects7

1.2.3 The Driving Force for Solidification9

1.3 Binary Solutions11

1.3.1 The Gibbs Free Energy of Binary Solutions11

1.3.2 Ideal Solutions13

1.3.3 Chemical Potential16

1.3.4 Regular Solutions17

1.3.5 Activity21

1.3.6 Real Solutions23

1.3.7 Ordered Phases24

1.3.8 Intermediate Phases26

1.4 Equilibrium in Heterogeneous Systems29

1.5 Binary Phase Diagrams31

1.5.1 A Simple Phase Diagram32

1.5.2 Systems with a Miscibility Gap33

1.5.3 Ordered Alloys34

1.5.4 Simple Eutectic Systems34

1.5.5 Phase Diagrams Containing Intermediate Phases35

1.5.6 The Gibbs Phase Rule35

1.5.7 The Effect of Temperature on Solid Solubility40

1.5.8 Equilibrium Vacancy Concentration41

1.6 The Influence of Interfaces on Equilibrium43

1.7 Ternary Equilibrium46

1.8 Additional Thermodynamic Relationships for Binary Solutions51

1.9 Computation of Phase Diagrams53

1.9.1 Pure Stoichiometric Substances54

1.9.2 Solution Phases57

1.9.2.1 Substitutional Solutions57

1.10 The Kinetics of Phase Transformations59

References60

Further Reading60

Exercises61

2 Diffusion65

2.1 Atomic Mechanisms of Diffusion66

2.2 Interstitial Diffusion69

2.2.1 Interstitial Diffusion as a Random Jump Process69

2.2.2 Effect of Temperature-Thermal Activation72

2.2.3 Steady-State Diffusion74

2.2.4 Nonsteady-State Diffusion75

2.2.5 Solutions to the Diffusion Equation76

2.3 Substitutional Diffusion80

2.3.1 Self-Diffusion80

2.3.2 Vacancy Diffusion85

2.3.3 Diffusion in Substitutional Alloys87

2.3.4 Diffusion in Dilute Substitutional Alloys96

2.4 Atomic Mobility96

2.5 Tracer Diffusion in Binary Alloys99

2.6 Diffusion in Ternary Alloys101

2.7 High-Diffusivity Paths103

2.7.1 Diffusion along Grain Boundaries and Free Surfaces103

2.7.2 Diffusion along Dislocations107

2.8 Diffusion in Multiphase Binary Systems108

References110

Further Reading111

Exercises111

3 Crystal Interfaces and Microstructure115

3.1 Interfacial Free Energy116

3.2 Solid/Vapour Interfaces117

3.3 Boundaries in Single-Phase Solids121

3.3.1 Low-Angle and High-Angle Boundaries122

3.3.2 Special High-Angle Grain Boundaries126

3.3.3 Equilibrium in Poly crystalline Materials128

3.3.4 Thermally Activated Migration of Grain Boundaries133

3.3.5 The Kinetics of Grain Growth143

3.4 Interphase Interfaces in Solids146

3.4.1 Interface Coherence146

3.4.2 Second-Phase Shape: Interfacial Energy Effects153

3.4.3 Second-Phase Shape: Misfit Strain Effects158

3.4.4 Coherency Loss164

3.4.5 Glissile Interfaces167

3.4.6 Solid/Liquid Interfaces172

3.5 Interface Migration175

3.5.7 Diffusion-Controlled and Interface-Controlled Growth179

References184

Further Reading185

Exercises186

4 Solidification189

4.1 Nucleation in Pure Metals189

4.1.1 Homogeneous Nucleation190

4.1.2 The Homogeneous Nucleation Rate195

4.1.3 Heterogeneous Nucleation196

4.1.4 Nucleation of Melting200

4.2 Growth of a Pure Solid201

4.2.1 Continuous Growth201

4.2.2 Lateral Growth202

4.2.3 Heat Flow and Interface Stability205

4.3 Alloy Solidification209

4.3.1 Solidification of Single-Phase Alloys209

4.3.2 Eutectic Solidification220

4.3.3 Off-Eutectic Alloys227

4.3.4 Peritectic Solidification229

4.4 Solidification of Ingots and Castings230

4.4.1 Ingot Structure231

4.4.2 Segregation in Ingots and Castings234

4.4.3 Continuous Casting236

4.5 Solidification of Fusion Welds240

4.6 Solidification During Quenching from the Melt244

4.7 Metallic Glasses245

4.7.1 Thermodynamics and Kinetics246

4.8 Case Studies of Some Practical Castings and Welds248

4.8.1 Casting of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels248

4.8.2 Casting of High-Speed Steels250

References256

Further Reading256

Exercises257

5 Diffusional Transformations in Solids261

5.1 Homogeneous Nucleation in Solids263

5.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation269

5.2.1 Rate of Heterogeneous Nucleation274

5.3 Precipitate Growth276

5.3.1 Growth Behind Planar Incoherent Interfaces277

5.3.2 Diffusion-Controlled Lengthening of Plates or Needles281

5.3.3 Thickening of Plate-like Precipitates283

5.4 Overall Transformation Kinetics--TTT Diagrams285

5.5 Precipitation in Age-Hardening Alloys288

5.5.1 Precipitation in Aluminum-Copper Alloys288

5.5.2 Precipitation in Aluminum-Silver Alloys296

5.5.3 Quenched-in Vacancies297

5.5.4 Age Hardening299

5.5.5 Spinodal Decomposition302

5.5.6 Particle Coarsening309

5.6 The Precipitation of Ferrite from Austenite312

5.6.1 Case Study: Ferrite Nucleation and Growth317

5.7 Cellular Precipitation324

5.8 Eutectoid Transformations328

5.8.1 The Pearlite Reaction in Fe-C Alloys328

5.8.2 The Bainite Transformation334

5.8.3 The Effect of Alloying Elements on Hardenability341

5.8.4 Continuous Cooling Diagrams346

5.8.5 Fibrous and Interphase Precipitation in Alloy Steels348

5.8.6 Rule of Scheil351

5.9 Massive Transformations352

5.10 Ordering Transformations358

5.11 Case Studies365

5.11.1 Titanium Forging Alloys365

5.11.2 The Weldability of Low-Carbon and Microalloyed Rolled Steels369

5.11.3 Very Low-Carbon Bainitic Steel with High Strength and Toughness372

5.11.4 Very Fine Bainite374

Exercises376

References379

Further Reading381

6 Diffusionless Transformations383

6.1 Characteristics of Diffusionless Transformations384

6.1.1 The Solid Solution of Carbon in Iron387

6.2 Martensite Crystallography4390

6.2.1 The Bain Model of the fee → bct Transformation392

6.2.2 Comparison of Crystallographic Theory with Experimental Results396

6.3 Theories of Martensite Nucleation397

6.3.1 Formation of Coherent Nuclei of Martensite398

6.3.2 Role of Dislocations in Martensite Nucleation401

6.3.3 Dislocation Strain Energy Assisted Transformation404

6.4 Martensite Growth408

6.4.1 Growth of Lath Martensite409

6.4.2 Plate Martensite411

6.4.3 Stabilization414

6.4.4 Effect of External Stresses414

6.4.5 Role of Grain Size415

6.5 Pre-martensite Phenomena415

6.6 Tempering of Ferrous Martensites416

6.7 Case Studies426

6.7.1 Carbon and Low-Alloy Quenched and Tempered Steels426

6.7.2 Controlled-Transformation Steels427

6.7.3 The 'Shape-Memory' Metal: Nitinol429

References434

Further Reading435

Exercises435

Solutions to Exercises437

Index509