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1 An Introduction and History of Crime Scene Analysis1

Introduction1

Distinguishing Crime Scene Analysis from Crime Scene Processing2

Distinguishing Crime Scene Analysis from Behavioral Profiling2

Pioneers in Crime Scene Analysis: A History of the Discipline4

The Future8

Summary9

References9

2 Theoretical and Practical Considerations for Implementing Crime Scene Analysis11

Introduction11

Who Qualifies as a Crime Scene Analyst?12

Fundamental Beliefs for Crime Scene Analysis14

Theory and Applicable Principles for Crime Scene Analysis14

Correlating Crime Scene Analysis with Archaeology15

Principles of CSR16

The Role of Scientific Method18

Defining the Questions to Answer Using Scientific Method20

Defining Additional Investigative Questions28

When Is Crime Scene Analysis Employed?29

Informal (Ad Hoc) Crime Scene Analysis29

Summary36

References36

3 Event Analysis: A Practical Methodology for Crime Scene Reconstruction37

Introduction37

The Event Analysis Process41

Summary71

Reference72

4 Resolving Significant Investigative Questions in CSR73

Introduction73

Using the Event Analysis Worksheet78

Event Analysis Worksheet Explained78

Statement Analysis Using the Worksheets86

References92

5 Understanding Crime Scene Protocols and Their Effect on Reconstruction93

Introduction93

The Importance of the Crime Scene Investigator93

Role of the Initial Responding Officer96

Incorporating the Basic Crime Scene Activities into a Crime Scene Protocol97

Assessing97

Observing98

Documenting99

Searching102

Collection104

On-Scene Analysis105

Summary105

References106

6 Applying Bloodstain Pattern Analysis to Crime Scene Reconstruction107

Introduction107

A Background of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis108

Impact Angle and Directionality109

Impact Angle109

Directionality110

Bloodstain Classification113

The Spatter Group114

Spurt114

Cast-Off114

Drip Trail116

Impact Pattern117

Expectorate Pattern118

Drip119

The Nonspatter Group120

Blood-into-Blood120

Gush122

Smear123

Pattern Transfer124

Pool125

Saturation125

Flow126

Complex Patterns126

Altered Stains127

Area of Origin Evaluations127

Summary129

References130

7 Shooting Scene Processing and Reconstruction&Matthew Noedel131

Introduction131

Understanding Ammunition131

Cartridges131

The Primer131

The Propellant132

The Projectile133

The Cartridge Case133

Shotshells134

Caliber135

Reconstruction Potential Associated with Cartridges135

Understanding Firearms136

Chamber136

Barrel137

Trigger137

Firing Pin/Striker138

Firearm Safeties139

Firearm Caliber139

Reconstruction Potential Associated with Firearms139

Accidental versus Unintentional Discharge140

Handling Firearms at a Scene140

Unloading Firearms141

Semiautomatic Firearms141

Revolvers142

Fired Cartridge Cases143

Ejection Patterns143

Fired Bullets145

Recovering Fired Components145

Perforation versus Penetration146

Shotgun Pattern Evaluation and Reconstruction146

Recording Impacts and Ricochets149

Evaluating Bullet Impact through Glass150

Bullet Ricochet152

Bullet Impact Evaluation155

Field Tests for Copper: Dithiooxamide (DTO) and 2-Nitroso-1-Naphthol (2-NN)155

Field Test for Lead: Sodium Rhodizonate (NaRho)156

Reconstructing a Fired Bullet Trajectory157

Trajectory Measurement Technique158

Horizontal Angle158

Vertical Angle159

Using a Laser to Define Trajectory160

Photographing Laser Trajectories162

Shots into Vehicles162

Establishing a Baseline for Vehicles163

Using a 360-Degree Scale for Vehicles163

Recording Trajectory Angles164

Reporting Measured Trajectory Angles165

Horizontal Angles166

Vertical Angles166

Gunshot Residue Examination167

Muzzle Effluent167

Primer Residue169

Processing Shooting Scenes169

Summary173

Chapter Author174

8 The Forensic Pathologist, the Body, and Crime Scene Reconstruction&Scott A. Wagner, MD175

Introduction175

Theory and Approach to Death Scene Investigation175

Homicides176

Five Basic Questions Posed by the Death Investigation177

Forming Preliminary Opinions: Be Suspicious but Objective177

Detailed Questions to Be Considered at the Scene:178

The Body and the Death Scene178

Examination of the Body at the Scene180

Photographic Documentation of the Scene and the Body180

Position of the Body at the Scene181

Blood at the Scene182

Vomitus182

Physical Examination of the Body at the Scene183

Scene Assessment183

The Body, the Four Signs of Death, and the Time of Death183

Eyes187

Clothing187

Determining Time of Death by Scene Investigation188

Forensic Entomology and Time of Death188

Forensic Botany and Time of Death189

Decomposition189

Changes in the Body during Decomposition189

Other Decompositional Changes189

Identification Methods190

Collection of Evidence at the Scene190

Visual Identification191

Other Visual Methods of Identification191

"Softer" Forms of Identification191

Scientific Forms of Identification192

The Medical-Legal Autopsy193

Phases of the Medical-Legal Autopsy194

Jurisdiction and Permission for Autopsies195

Misconceptions of the Autopsy195

Traumatic Injuries195

Blunt Force Injuries versus Sharp Force Injuries: The Importance of Terminology195

Blunt Force Injuries196

Features of Blunt Force Injuries196

Sharp Force Injuries206

Firearms and Gunshot Wounds210

Gunshot wounds213

Exit Wounds216

Strangulation221

The Autopsy Report222

Reconstruction of a Bullet Trajectory223

Conclusion223

References and Suggested Reading224

Chapter Author224

9 Writing Crime Scene Reconstruction Reports225

Introduction225

Essential Report Elements226

Statement of Purpose226

References227

Body of the Report227

Body of the Report: Outline Format228

Body of the Report: Narrative Format230

Flow Chart234

Summary235

10 Arguments and Ethics237

Deductive and Inductive Arguments237

The Role of Logic in Crime Scene Analysis242

Informal Fallacies Encountered in Analysis242

An Ethical Approach to Crime Scene Analysis244

Summary247

References247

11 Developing and Using Demonstrative Exhibits in Support of the Crime Scene Analysis&Iris Dalley249

Collection of Data249

Videography249

Photography250

Measurements255

Analysis of Data256

Image Editing256

Sketching and Mapping258

Two-Dimensional259

Presentation265

Courtroom Testimony268

Courtroom Admissibility Issues268

References271

Chapter Author271

Index273