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Introduction1

1. Mutual Functionality between Legal History and Comparative Law1

2. Egyptian Law and Its Arab Weight4

3. Methodology and the Art of Borrowing9

4. Types of Courtroom Oaths14

Ⅰ The Courtroom Oath in Islamic Law, Theory and Practice16

1. Islamic Law and Methodology: Legal History and Historical Law16

2. Intimate Involvement of God27

2.1 The meaning of power27

2.2 Triple impact of anxiety28

3. The Islamic Courtroom Oath as a Source of Legal Determination30

3.1 The courtroom oath and the legal right30

3.2 The binary approach: between the bayyina and the oath34

3.3 Criticism of the binary approach38

3.4 The paradox of the badhl and the restriction of the oath40

4. The Types and Modalities of Islamic Oath43

4.1 The manifestation of the oath43

4.2 The interpretation of the future oath-objective or subjective48

4.3 Extra-legal considerations51

5. The Technique of the Courtroom Oath52

6. The Positions of the Schools on the Subject of the Courtroom Oath: Malikites versus Hanafites54

7. The Illusive Mental Dimension of the Islamic Courtroom Oath60

8. The Scope of the Courtroom Oath: Issues That May Form the Subject of an Oath64

9. A Confrontation between Forms of Proof and Legal Determination: The Oath versus the Bayyina69

10. The Defendant and the Courtroom Oath75

10.1 Affinity (khulta)77

11. The Rerendering of the Oath and the Burden of Proof79

11.1 The development of dynamic revision82

12. The Paradox of Mutual Plaintiffs and Defendants (tahaluf)86

12.1 The lot (qur'a) as a tool for courtroom determination88

13. Cases in which the Plaintiff Takes the Oath: A Conceptual Challenge for the Hanafites89

13.1 Rendering the oath to the plaintiff when the defendant cannot defend himself (yamin al-qada, yamin al-'istizhar)90

13.2 The course and outcomes of the judicial oath92

13.3 The oath in a hisba suit-between human and divine order95

13.4 The oath with a single witness96

13.5 An oath cannot be made regarding an unknown matter98

14. Judicial Discretion and the Decisive Oath99

14.1 Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya: from form to content99

14.2 Restricted judicial space102

14.3 Inspection of the legal competence of the parties103

14.4 The mute's oath: when both verbal intention and inner intention are concealed104

15. Can the Defendant Guide the Wording of the Oath in His Favor?106

15.1 Redemption of an oath ('iftida') as avoidance of danger111

16. A Religious Element in the Service of Law: The Intensification of the Oath113

16.1 The text113

16.2 Means of swearing on the Quran115

16.3 Repetition116

16.4 Way of ceremony (hal)118

16.5 The dimension of place119

16.6 The dimension of time121

16.7 Non-Muslim122

17. The Testimonial Oath125

18. Special Types of Oaths: Curses (li'an) and Qasama127

18.1 The terrible story of 'Uwaymar and his wife Khawla127

18.2 Management of the curse procedure: the ceremony130

18.3 The outcome of the curses procedure: Legal analysis132

18.4 Fifty oaths as a single oath: The consequences of the qasama135

18.5 The course of the oath: two schools of thought138

Ⅱ Sui Generis, The Legal History of Courtroom Oath143

1. 'Tortura Spiritualis'143

1.1 The anxiety of the oath and the potential of self-destruction143

1.2 Decisive and complementary courtroom oaths147

1.3 First reference: courtroom oath in Judaism149

1.4 Second reference: Courtroom oath in Greek and Roman law151

1.5 Third reference: The oath in European law and criticism of the institution153

1.6 Direct criticism of the courtroom oath158

2. Courtroom Oath in Egyptian Legal History: Continuity and Omission159

2.1 The 'social engineering' of the courtroom oath159

2.2 Legislative sources and the functionality approach162

3. Reinterpretation and the 'Stifling' of the Courtroom Oath164

3.1 Reservations concerning the decisive oath in Franco-Egyptian law164

3.2 The imprisoning framework of modern law168

3.3 The old Egyptian code: an individualistic declaration and the disappearance of the complementary oath170

3.4 About-turn: from the individualistic approach to the sociological one172

3.5 The subjection of the oath to the doctrine of the abuse of a right (ta'assuf) and the super-doctrines176

3.6 The sociological about-turn regarding the finality of the legal hearing179

3.7 The technique of rapprochement and distancing vis-a-vis Islamic law182

3.8 Prevarication around the term Bayyina184

3.9 Kaffara (Penance) in the rule of religion and the rule of law: Imitatio Dei186

3.10 Breaking the link with the Islamic sources: an independent entity189

4. The Oath and 'Judicial Truth' as a Double Narrative191

5. The Restriction of the Oath due to Injury to the Component of Legal Certainty196

5.1 A ghost that may intervene at any stage197

5.2 The oath and justice199

5.3 The mechanical nature of the decisive oath201

5.4 Extra-legal considerations203

5.5 Custom, society and trust in the realm of the courtroom oath205

5.6 Refusal to take the oath as a source of confession209

Ⅲ The Egyptian Courtroom Oath and its Function212

1. The Franco-Egyptian Courtroom Oath212

1.1 The source of the written articles213

1.2 Doctrines of reference and Legal system214

1.3 Active involvement by leading French jurists217

1.4 Borrowing the major transformation undergone by the French legal system217

2. Research Methodology218

3. The Paradox of the Courtroom Oath221

4. The Presentation of Courtroom Oaths: Decisive and Complementary223

5. The Decisive Oath as a Quasi-Contractual Model224

6. The Decisive Oath as Equity227

6.1 Legal justice and imbalance227

6.2 The 'stroll through the realms of justice' parable231

7. Judicial Discretion and the Decisive Oath232

8. The Motif of Equality: The Oath is Granted to Both Parties237

9. The 'Ritual' of the Oath and the Parties238

10. The Balance of Threat of the Renderer245

11. The Legal Capacity Required for a Decisive Oath247

12. The Oath as a Text248

13. 'Public Order', the Wild Horse, and Morality251

14. The Oath and the Role of God as a Default254

15. The Rerendering of the Oath258

16. The Refusal (Nukul) to Take the Decisive Oath260

17. The Doctrine of the Finality of the Hearing261

18. The Decisive Oath Outside the Courtroom262

19. The Complementary Oath265

19.1 The management of the complementary oath268

20. Hybrid Oaths: Between the Decisive Oath and the Complementary Oath270

20.1 The oath of estimated value270

20.2 The oath of affirmation271

20.3 The oath of clarification ('istizhar)273

21. The Testimonial Oath274

Ⅳ Comparative Law-Two Oaths, Two Legal Regimes275

1. A Current Thesis275

2. A Charged Realm of Encounter276

2.1 A historical perspective: divergence and rapprochement276

2.2 Two chains of transmission of knowledge282

2.3 The oaths and legal proceeding: Four chronological developments283

2.4 Distinct points of departure285

2.5 Points of contact289

2.5.1 The Egyptian shaykh and Judge Makhluf al-Minyawi289

2.5.2 The footnote technique290

2.5.3 Terminology292

2.5.4 The Shari'a Courts Procedural Law293

2.5.5 The Iraqi civil code295

3. The Decisive Oath and the Challenge of the Legal Right295

4. The Oath between Legal Time and Human Time300

4.1 Human time: the Islamic courtroom oath grants legitimacy to the Franco-Egyptian oath301

4.2 Time as an agent of mutual threat303

5. God as a Key Player304

6. The Approach of Comparative Justice: Involvement or Interference?307

7. Legal Reasoning and Intimidation311

8. The Source of Authority: The Courtroom Oath as a Social Function314

9. Judicial discretion and the Oath317

10. The Mental Foundation of the Oath as a Subversive Element319

10.1 'Intention' versus 'will' in the decisive oath319

10.2 Mala fide: The mental foundation as a source of risk321

11. Ceremony, Mysticism, and Ritual323

12. The Oath and the Motif of Equality327

13. The Realm of the Oath329

14. The Relationship Created between the Parties to the Courtroom Oath333

14.1 Access to the institution of the oath333

14.2 The oath as distress for the defendant334

14.3 The oath as the progenitor of a dynamic balance of power337

14.4 The approach to non-Muslims as a function of sovereignty339

14.5 The oath and considerations in penalization341

15. Differences in Technique343

15.1 The oath and the rerendered oath343

15.2 The formulation of the oath text: Agreement or coercion344

15.3 The oath versus the written document346

15.4 The utterer and the text of the oath349

16. The Complementary Oath: From a Binary Model to a Dynamic Perspective351

Ⅴ Perjury as Ideology: The Motif of Falsehood in the Islamic and Franco-Egyptian Oaths354

1. Introduction: The Transformation of the Perjury in Franco-Egyptian Law and the Concept of Falsum354

1.1 'The concern of the gods'354

1.2 Modern state and perjury357

1.3 The changing perception of falsehood360

2. A Proposed Model for Examining Perjury in Islamic Law361

2.1 The component of falsum: The false oath versus the descending oath362

2.2 The exposure of falsehood and the institution of tazkiyya365

2.3 The use of equivocation and self-preservation368

2.4 The spiritual dimension: The sin and its purgation372

2.4.1 The alternative course approach374

2.4.2 The strict approach375

2.4.3 The lenient approach375

2.5 The doctrine of the legal penalization of perjury in the fiqh378

3. Perjury as an Institution and a Procedure in Egyptian Civil Law379

3.1 Perjury between Islamic and Franco-Egyptian law379

3.2 Without fanfare: perjury does not exist, as an institution, in Egyptian law383

3.3 Further step toward the secular perception of falsehood388

3.4 The scope of change in Arab legal systems390

4. Perjury versus Courtroom Oath: Complement and Contrast392

Bibliography397

Index405