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1 History and Market Review1

1 Introduction1

2 Early History3

3 Recent History5

4 Markets7

2 Elementary Aspects of Adsorption by Activated Carbon15

1 Introduction15

2 Surfaces and Interfaces16

3 Rate of Adsorption19

4 Separation by Adsorption21

5 Characteristics of Adsorbable Gases and Vapors21

6 Characteristics of Adsorbable Solutes25

7 Hydrolytic Adsorption36

8 Heat of Adsorption38

3 Gas and Vapor Systems41

1 Protection against Toxic Gases41

2 Air Purification and Recovery44

3 Recovery of Solvent and Other Vapors55

4 Separation of Hydrocarbon Gas Mixtures60

5 Miscellaneous Applications61

4 The Survey of a New Venture67

1 Introduction67

2 Preliminary Survey72

3 Decolorization73

4 Tastes and Odors79

5 Shelf Life;Stability of Product81

6 Other Forms of Useftilness82

7 Organic Colloids84

8 Haze86

9 Use of Activated Carbon in Conjunction with other Separations89

5 Unit Operations in Liquid Systems95

1 Introduction95

2 Batch-contact Unit Operation96

3 Continuous Layer Filtration102

4 Continuous Percolation through Granular Carbon102

5 Reactivation105

6 Storage and Handling105

6 Unit Processes108

1 Introduction108

2 Sugar109

3 Sugars and Syrups from Conversion of Starch114

4 Fats and Oils115

5 Alcoholic Beverages118

6 Purification of Water122

7 Organic Colloids128

8 Miscellaneous Foods130

9 Organic Chemicals133

10 Inorganic Chemicals and Metals136

11 Dry Cleaning Solvents140

12 Industrial and other Wastes142

13 Analytical Applications143

14 Miscellaneous Applications148

7 Evaluation of Activated Carbons for Liquid Systems154

1 Introduction154

2 Selecting an Activated Carbon161

3 Quality Control163

8 Manufacture of Activated Carbon171

1 General171

2 Theories of Activation186

9 Nature of Activated Carbon200

1 Introduction200

2 Surface Tension201

3 Capillary Condensation203

4 Potential Theory204

5 Langmuir Theory204

6 Physical and Chemical Adsorption206

7 Surface Area211

8 Pore Structure213

9 Qualitative Characteristics of Surfaces216

10 Isotherms and Surface Variables219

11 Hydrolytic Adsorption221

12 Surface Oxides225

13 Adsorption Associated with Chemical Change226

14 The Adsorbed Layer227

15 Orientation229

16 Electrophoresis231

17 Heat of Adsorption233

10 Desorption in Liquid Systems241

1 General241

2 Industrial Applications Employing Adsorption-Desorption250

3 Possible Approaches to Further Study251

11 Contact Catalysis253

1 Theories of Contact Catalysis254

2 Applications of Activated Carbon as Catalyst266

12 Biochemical Aspects of Activated Carbon278

1 Biochemistry278

2 Pharmacology282

3 Influence of Carbon on Biological Processes285

4 Biochemicals287

13 Laboratory Procedures in Gas and Vapor Adsorption300

1 Static Adsorption Methods300

2 Dynamic Adsorption Methods306

3 Miscellaneous Methods310

14 Laboratory Procedures for Liquid Systems314

1 Introduction314

2 Measurement Colorless Forms Contamination317

3 Decolorization321

4 Synthetic Test Solutions323

5 Laboratory Procedures for Granular Activated Carbons332

6 Specifications337

7 Desorption338

15 Other Properties of Activated Carbon341

1 Inorganic Constituents341

2 pH of Carbon345

3 Structural Characteristics347

4 Some Miscellaneous Properties350

16 Final Gleanings354

1 Introduction354

2 Measurement of Adsorption354

3 Items of Theoretical Interest361

4 Surface Oxides367

5 Manufacture of a New Carbon371

6 Some Aspects of Future Research372

Appendix: Ⅰ Glossary380

Ⅱ Manufacturers and Suppliers382

Ⅲ Epilogue383

Index385