语言学教程2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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1．The Nature of Language1

1.1 What does“language”mean？2

1.2 What is language？3

1.3　Design features4

1.3.1 Arbitrariness4

1.3.2　Duality6

1.3.3　Productivity6

1.3.4　Displacement7

1.3.6　Interchangeability8

1.3.5　Cultural transmission8

1.4 Functions of language10

1.4.1 Phatic10

1.4 2 Directive10

1.4.3 Informative11

1.4.4 Interrogative11

1.4.5 Expressive12

1.4.6　Evocative12

1.4.7　Performative13

1.5　The origin of language13

1.5.1　The divine-origin theory14

1.5.3 The evolutionary theory15

1.5.2 The invention theory15

1.5.4 The first language16

2．What is Linguistics？20

2.1 What is linguistics20

2.2 Some basic distinctions in linguistics22

2.2.1 Speech and writing23

2.2.2 Descriptive er prescriptive？24

2.2.3 Synchronic and diachronic studies25

2.2.4 Langue and parole27

2.2.5 Competence and performance28

2.2.6 Linguistic potential and actual linguisticbehaviour29

2.3 Major branehes of general linguisties30

2.3.1 Phonetics30

2.3.2 Phonology31

2.3.3 Morphology31

2.3.4 Syntax31

2.3.5 Semantics32

2.4 Uses of linguistics32

2.4.1 Linguistics and language teaching32

2.4.2 Linguistics and society33

2.4.3 Linguistics and literature34

2.4.4 Linguistics and psychology34

2.4.5 Some other applications35

3．Phonetics39

3.1 Scope of phonetics39

3.1.1 Articulatory phonetics39

3.1.2 Auditory phonetics39

3.1.3 Acoustic phonetics40

3.2 The vocal organs40

3.2.1 The initiator of the air-stream40

3.2.2 The vocal cords41

3.2.3 The resonating cavities43

3.3.1 Places of articulation46

3.3 Consonants46

3.3.2 Manners of articulation48

3.3.3 The classification of consonants51

3.4 Vowels52

3.4.1 Cardinal vowels53

3.4.2 The classification of vowels54

3.5 Phonetic transcription57

3.5.1 The International Phonetic Alphabet58

3.5.2 Narrow and Broad Transcriptions59

4．Phonology64

4.1 Distinctiveness in speech sounds64

4.2.1 Minimal pairs65

4.2 The phoneme theory65

4.2.2 Free variation66

4.2.3 Complementary distribution66

4.2.4 Phonemic similarity67

4.2.5 Pattern congruity68

4 3 A functional approach69

4.3.1 Neutralization and archiphoneme69

4.3.2 Distinctive features70

4.4 Suprasegmental phonology71

4 4.1 The syllable72

4.4.2 Stress73

4.4 3 Piteh76

4.4.4 Intonation77

5．Morphology83

5.1 Morphology83

5.1.1 Inflection83

5.1.2 Word-formation84

5.2 Word and morpheme87

5.2 1 Morpheme87

5.2.2 Morpheme and phoneme87

5.2.4 Allomorph88

5.2.3 Morphemic structure and phonological tructu re88

5.3.1 Free morpheme and bound morpheme90

5.3.2 Roots90

5.3 Types of morphemes90

5.3.3 Affix91

5.3.4 Root and stem92

5.4 Morphophonology and morphophonemics93

5.4.1 Phonologically conditioned93

5.4.2 Morphologically conditioned94

6.2 Word97

6.2.1 Three senses of“word”97

6.1 Lexicon97

6．Lexicon97

6.2.2 The identification of words99

6.2.3 Subclassification of words101

6.2.4 Lexeme105

6.3 Idiom106

6.3.1 Two basic requirements106

6.3.2 Factors which account for the forma-tion of idioms108

6.3.3 Application of idioms109

6.4.1 Mutual expectancy110

6.4.2 Fixed syntactic-lexical relations110

6.4 Collocation110

6.4.3 Inexplicability111

7．Syntax114

7.1 Syntactic relations114

7.1.1 Positional relation114

7.1.2 Relation of substitutability115

7.1.3 Relation of co-occurrence116

7.2 Construction and constituent116

7.2.1 Construction116

7.2.2 Immediate constituent117

7 2.3 Endocentric and exocentric const ructions118

7.2.4 Coordinate and subordinate constructions120

7.3 Syntactic function121

7 3.1 Subject121

7.3.2 Predicate123

7.3.3 Object124

7.3.4 The relation between classes and functions125

7.4 Category125

7.4.1 Number126

7.4.2 Gender126

7.4.3 Case127

7.4.5 Government128

7.4.4 Concord128

7.5 Phrase,clause and sentence129

7.5.1 Phrase129

7.5.2 Clause129

7.5.3 Sentence130

7.6 The extension of sentence132

7.6.1 Conjoining132

7.6.2 Embedding132

7.6.3 Recursiveness132

7.7 Syntax beyond the sentence133

7.6.4 Hypotactic and paratactic133

7.7.1 Sentential connection134

7.7.2 Cohesion134

8．Semantics139

8.1 What is semantics？139

8.2 What is meaning？139

8.2.1 The realist vs the nominalist140

8.2.2 Conceptualism or mentalism140

8.2.3 Mechanism141

8.2.4 Contextualism141

8.2.6 Functionalism142

8.2.5 Behaviourism142

8.3 Kinds of meaning143

8.3.1 The traditional approach143

8.3.2 The functional approach143

8.3.3 The pragmatic approach144

8.4 Sense relationships144

8.4.1 Synonymy145

8.4.2 Antonymy146

8.4.3 Hyponymy148

8.4.4 Polysomy and homonymy149

8.4.5 Sense relations between sentences150

8.5 Semantic analysis153

8.5.1 Componential analysis153

8.5.2 Predication analysis155

8.5.3 Relational components156

8.5.4 Logical elements157

9．Writing162

9.1 The growth of writing162

9.1.1 The iconic stage162

9.1.2 Word writing162

9.1.3 Syllabic writing164

9.1.4 Sound writing164

9.2.1 Word writing system165

9.2 The writing systems165

9.2.2 Syllabic writing system166

9.2.3 Sound writing system166

9.3 Graphemics167

9.3.1 Graphemes167

9.3.2 Reference168

9.4 Writing and speech168

9.4.1 The graphemic system and the phonologicalsystem168

9.4.3 The influence of one writing system onanother170

9.4.2 Variation in graphemic representation170

9.4.4 The disparity between speech and writing171

9.4.5 The importance of writing172

10．Language Variation175

10.1 The changing language175

10.2 Lexical change175

10.2.1 Invention176

10.2.2 Compounding176

10.2.3 Blending177

10.2.4 Abbreviation178

10.2.5 Acronym178

10.2.6 Metanalysis179

10.2.8 Analogical creation180

10.2.7 Baek-formation180

10.2.9 Borrowing181

10.3 Phonological change183

10.3.1 Loss183

10.3.2 Addition184

10.3.3 Metathesis185

10.3.4 Assimilation185

10.4 Grammatical change186

10.4.1 Morphological change186

10.3.5 Dissimilation186

10.4.2 Syntactical change187

10.5 Semantic change188

10.5.1 Broadening189

10.5.2 Narrowing190

10.5.3 Meaning shift190

10.5.4 Class shift191

10.5.5 Folk etymology191

10.6 Orthographic change192

11．Varieties of Language196

11.1 English or Englishes？196

11.2.1 Regional dialect197

11.2 Dialect197

11.2.2 Temporal dialect198

11.2.3 Social dialect199

11.2.4 Standard dialect204

11.2.5 Ideolect205

11.2.6 Categorization of dialectal varieties206

11.3 Register206

11.3.1 Field of discourse207

11.3.2 Mode of discourse208

11.3.4 Categorization of diatypic varieties209

11.3.3 Tenor of discourse209

11.4 Discourse210

12．Linguistic Comparison215

12.1 Comparative and historical linguistics215

12.1.1 Correspondence215

12.1.2 The reconstruction of a proto-language219

12.1.3 Language families222

12.2 Linguistic typology224

12.2.1 Phonetic typology226

12.2.2 Phonological typology226

12.2.3 Grammatical typology228

12.2.4 Structural typology228

12.2.5 Semantic typology230

13．Language,Thought and Culture237

13.1 Language as the dress of thought237

13.1.1 The monistic view of language and thought237

13.1.2 Reaction to the monistic view238

13.1.3 Language facilitates thinking238

13.2 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis239

13.2.1 Linguistic determinism240

13.2.2 Linguistic relativity243

13.3 Language and culture246

13.3.1 Cultural and linguistic universals246

13.3.2 Cultural and linguistic peculiarities248

13.3.3 Language and culture:a dialectical relationship250

14．Language and Society254

14.1 Language as a social activity254

14.1.1 Internal authority254

14.1.2 External authority255

14.2 Language planning255

14.2.1 The standard language256

14.2.2 The national language257

14.2.3 The official language259

14.3 The interrelation between language and society260

14.3.1 Roles260

14.3.2 Reputations261

14.3.3 Domain262

14.3.4 Communication codes262

14.3.5 Code-switching263

14.3.6 Language maintenance263

14.4 The role of dictionaries and grammars as asocial force263

14 4.1 Dictionaries263

14.4.2 Grammars264

15．Pragmatics269

15.1 Introduction269

15.2 Context and meaning270

15.3 Speech act theory271

15.3.1 Illocutionary acts273

15.3.2 Types of illocutionary acts274

15.3.3 Indirect speech acts275

15.3.4 Difficulties in speech act theory277

15.4 Conversational analysis278

15.4.1 Adjacency pairs278

15.4.2 Preferred second parts279

15.4.3 Presequences281

15.5 The Cooperative Principle(CP)282

15.5.1 The cooperative principle and its Maxims282

15.5.2 Conversational implicatures283

15.5.3 Licensing violations of the Maxims285

16．Linguistics and Literature291

16.1 The function of linguistics in the study ofliterature291

16.2 A method of linguistic analysis293

16.2.1 Phonological features293

16.2.2 Lexical features295

16.2.3 Grammatical features296

16.2.4 Semantic features298

16.2.5 Graphological features301

16.3.1 Deviation303

16.3 The theory of foregrounding303

16.3.2 Parallelism305

16.3.3 Patterning306

16.4 Stylistic Variants307

Appendix Ⅰ．Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching313

Ⅰ.1 The relation of linguistics to foreign languageteaching313

Ⅰ.2 Various linguistic views and their significancein FL learning and teaching315

Ⅰ.2.1 Traditional grammars315

Ⅰ.2.2 Structuralist linguistics316

Ⅰ.2.3 Transformational-Generative linguistics316

Ⅰ.2.4 Functional linguistics317

Ⅰ.2.5 The theory of communicative competence318

Ⅰ.3 Syllabus design319

Ⅰ.3.1 What is syllabus？319

Ⅰ.3.2 Major factors in syllabus design320

Ⅰ.3.3 Types of syllabus321

Ⅰ.4 Error analysis329

Ⅰ.4.1 Errors,mistakes,and error analysis329

Ⅰ.4.2 Attitudes to errors330

Ⅰ.4.3 Procedure of error analysis331

Ⅰ.4.4 Contrastive analysis and non-contrastiveanalysis332

Ⅰ.5 Testing334

Ⅰ.5.1 Two different approaches to testing335

Ⅰ.5.2 Types of test336

Ⅰ.5.3 Requirements of a good test337

Ⅰ.5.4 Test content and test form340

Ⅰ.5.5 Marking and interpretation of scores341

Ⅰ.6 Summary343

Appendix Ⅱ．Modern Linguistic Schools and Theories350

Ⅱ.1 Ferdinand de Saussure350

Ⅱ.1.1 Nature of the linguistic sign350

Ⅱ.1.2 The relational nature of language units352

Ⅱ.1.3 Langue and parole354

Ⅱ.1.4 The relation between diachronic and synchronic studies356

Ⅱ.2 The Prague School358

Ⅱ.2.1 Introduction358

Ⅱ.2.2 Phonological oppositions360

Ⅱ.2.3 Functional sentence perspective(FSP)362

Ⅱ.3 American structurahsm365

Ⅱ.3.1 Introduction365

Ⅱ.3.2 Structural grammar367

Ⅱ.3.3 Behaviourist psychology in structuralism370

Ⅱ.3.4 A comparison between traditional andstructural grammars371

Ⅱ.4.1 Introduction372

Ⅱ.4 Transformational-Generative grammar372

Ⅱ.4.2 Chomsky s innateness hypothesis374

Ⅱ.4.3 Phrase structure rules377

Ⅱ.4.4 Transformational rules379

Ⅱ.4.5 A comparison between structural grammarand TG grammar383

Ⅱ.5 The London School384

Ⅱ.5.1 Introduction384

Ⅱ.5.2 Malinowski s theory of meaning385

Ⅱ.5.3 Firth s theory of meaning386

Ⅱ.5.4 Halliday s systemic grammar388

Ⅱ.5.5 Halliday s functional grammar393

Index (with Chinese translation)398