Criminal Justice Research Methods2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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1 introduction to research1

nature of criminal justice research1

what is research?2

research processes3

pure versus applied research5

scientific inquiry8

assessing goodness of theory9

Empiricism9

Objectivity10

Skepticism and Replication10

Falsifiability10

Dynamic Nature of Theory10

Ethics11

constructing scientific theories11

research hypotheses12

Becoming Acquainted with Hypotheses15

Null Hypothesis16

Concepts and Variables16

summary19

terminology19

discussion points20

endnotes20

2 research design23

what is research design?23

types of research designs24

Quantitative Research25

Qualitative Research25

Evaluative Research26

research purposes27

Exploratory Research27

Descriptive Research28

Explanatory Research29

choice of research design29

Experimental Method30

Quasi-Experimental Method31

Survey Method32

Case Study33

levels of measurement34

Nominal Variables35

Ordinal Variables35

Interval Variables36

Ratio Variables36

validity and reliability37

summary38

terminology40

discussion points41

endnotes41

3 statistics in research43

introduction43

role of statistics43

basic principles and conventions45

Common Terms45

Terms for measures of central tendency47

Terms for measures of dispersion47

Terms for frequency distributions48

Conventions Used in Statistics48

descriptive statistics48

Measures of Central Tendency49

Mode49

Median50

Mean50

Measures of Dispersion51

Proportion51

Percentage51

Variation ratio52

Index of qualitative variation52

Range53

Variance53

Standard deviation55

Mean deviation55

data grouping55

Ranked Distribution55

Frequency Distribution56

Cumulative Frequency57

Graphing Techniques57

Histogram and bar graph57

Pie chart57

Scatter plot59

Frequency polygon59

Frequency curve60

Normal curve60

Correlation coefficient63

inferential statistics63

Probability Theory63

Multiplication Rule65

Logic of Statistical Inference Testing66

Statistical Significance67

Determining Statistical Significance68

Chi-square test68

t-test69

Using normal curve70

Runs test70

Mann-Whitney U test70

z-scores71

ANOVA71

summary71

terminology72

discussion points74

endnotes74

4 measures, validity, and reliability77

introduction77

measurement77

variables79

indexes and scales80

Indexes80

Scales80

Attitude scales82

Scale construction84

validity and reliability85

Validity85

Triangulation86

Reliability87

summary87

terminology88

discussion points88

endnotes89

5 analytical and experimental research91

analytical research91

Role of Statistics in Analytical Research93

Developing Analytical Research Projects94

Hypothesis Testing95

Common Errors95

experimental research96

Estimation96

Experiment96

Variables97

Validity Problems97

Experimental Research Categories98

Pre-experimental design98

True experimental design99

Quasi-experimental design100

Ex post facto designs101

Common Errors101

summary101

terminology102

discussion points103

endnotes103

6 survey research methods and sampling105

introduction105

purposes of survey research106

Descriptive Purpose106

Explanatory Purpose107

Exploratory Purpose107

types of survey research107

in-person interviews109

Choosing a Type of Interview: Factors to Consider113

Extent of control113

Time114

Location114

Desired information114

Role of researcher115

telephone survey115

using computers in survey research117

mail surveys122

Increasing Return Rates122

designing questionnaires124

comparison of types of survey research128

sampling129

Probability Sampling Procedures130

Simple Random Sampling130

Systematic Sampling132

Stratified Sampling132

Cluster Sampling133

Nonprobability Sampling Procedures134

Convenience Sampling134

Purposive Sampling134

Quota Sampling135

Snowball Sampling135

summary135

terminology137

discussion points138

endnotes139

7 participant observation and case studies141

introduction141

characteristics of qualitative research141

qualitative research strategies142

participant observation143

Types of Participant Observation143

Participant Observation in Criminal Justice Research144

features of observation149

Recording Observations150

Recording Options151

Analysis and Presentation of Observational Data152

Matrix, Flow Chart, and Organizational Diagram153

case studies154

Characteristics154

Types155

Research Questions156

Data Collection Strategy156

Analysis and Presentation of Data156

summary158

terminology159

discussion points159

endnotes160

8 descriptive, historical, and archival data analyses161

introduction161

descriptive research161

Functions162

Strengths and Limitations162

Common Errors163

Designing Descriptive Research Projects163

historical research164

Purposes164

Research Problems165

Time and Space Dimensions165

Designing Historical Research Plan166

archival or document research166

Secondary Sources167

Credibility167

Personal and Institutional Documents168

replication of previous research169

locating documents170

reviewing related literature171

Purpose171

Conducting a Search172

Writing Reviews173

summary175

terminology176

discussion points177

endnotes177

9 ethics in research179

introduction179

Academy of Criminal Justice Science (ACJS) code of ethics180

neutral and impartial research180

research involving humans181

Involving Human Subjects without Their Knowledge or Consent183

Coercing People to Participate184

Informed Consent185

Withholding True Nature of Research186

Deceiving Participants187

Violating Right of Self-Determination187

Exposing Subjects to Mental or Physical Stress188

Inconsiderate and Unfair Treatment188

Withholding Benefits from Participants in Control Groups188

Questionable Practices189

analysis and reporting190

American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) code of ethics191

summary192

terminology194

discussion points194

endnotes194

10 developing research plans197

introduction197

topic selection197

refining topic and narrowing focus of research207

literature review208

Purposes208

Accessing Research Materials209

Using Libraries209

Virtual Libraries210

Google211

summary211

terminology211

discussion points211

endnotes212

11 writing research reports213

introduction213

when to begin writing214

preparatory tips215

components of report216

Chapter 1: Introduction and Statement of Hypothesis216

Introduction216

Statement of hypothesis218

Chapter 2: Literature Review219

Chapter 3: Methodology220

Research environment220

Design221

Sampling222

Procedures222

Data analysis223

Chapter 4: Findings or Results223

Chapter 5: Discussion224

Reference Section224

Abstract225

summary225

terminology226

discussion points226

endnotes227

12 program evaluation and policy research229

introduction229

defining evaluation research230

purposes of program evaluation230

categories of program evaluation research232

choosing a program evaluation232

Program Evaluation Methodology237

policy research238

policy research planning239

policy research reporting240

summary241

terminology242

discussion points242

endnotes243

13 writing research and grant proposals245

introduction245

getting started246

building a blueprint246

overview of proposal process247

Introduction Section249

Statement of Needs or Problem250

Project Description251

Program goals and objectives251

Methods252

Evaluation252

recommended steps for obtaining state and federal funding253

bases for rejection254

Project Narrative254

Problems to Be Addressed255

Goals and Objectives255

Project Design255

Management and Organizational Capabilities255

Budget255

Appendixes257

Single Point of Contact257

selection criteria257

peer review259

project termination259

summary260

terminology261

discussion points261

endnotes261

index263