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1．Introduction1

1.1 A Perspective1

1.2 Structure of Power Systems10

1.3 Conventional Sources of Electric Energy13

1.4 Renewable Energy Sources25

1.5 Energy Storage28

1.6 Growth of Power Systems in India29

1.7 Energy Conservation31

1.8 Deregulation33

1.9 Distributed and Dispersed Generation34

1.10　Environmental Aspects of Electric Energy Generation35

1.11　Power System Engineers and Power System Studies39

1.12　Use of Computers and Microprocessors39

1.13　Problems Facing Indian Power Industry and its Choices40

References43

2．Inductance and Resistance of Transmission Lines45

2.1 Introduction45

2.2 Definition of Inductance45

2.3 Flux Linkages of an Isolated Current-Carrying Conductor46

2.4 Inductance of a Single-Phase Two-Wire Line50

2.5 Conductor Types51

2.6 Flux Linkages of one Conductor in a Group53

2.7 Inductance of Composite Conductor Lines54

2.8 Inductance of Three-Phase Lines59

2.9 Double-Circuit Three-Phase Lines66

2.10　Bundled Conductors68

2.11　Resistance70

2.12　Skin Effect and Proximity Effect71

Problems72

References75

3．Capacitance of Transmission Lines76

3.1 Introduction76

3.2 Electric Field of a Long Straight Conductor76

3.3 Potential Difference between two Conductors of a Group of Parallel Conductors77

3.4 Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line78

3.5 Capacitance of a Thfee-Phase Line with Equilateral Spacing80

3.6 Capacitance of a Three-Phase Line with Unsymmetrical Spacing81

3.7 Effect of Earth on Transmission Line Capacitance83

3.8 Method of GMD(Modified)91

3.9 Bundled Conductors92

Problems93

References94

4．Representation of Power System Components95

4.1 Introduction95

4.2 Single-phase Solution of Balanced Three-phase Networks95

4.3 One-Line Diagram and Impedance or Reactance Diagram98

4.4 Per Unit(PU)System99

4.5 Complex Power105

4.6 Synchronous Machine108

4.7 Representation of Loads121

Problems125

References127

5．Characteristics and Performance of Power Transmission Lines128

5.1 Introduction128

5.2 Short Transmission Line129

5.3 Medium Transmission Line137

5.4 The Long Transmission Line—Rigorous Solution139

5.5 Interpretation of the Long Line Equations143

5.6 Ferranti Effect150

5.7 Tuned Power Lines151

5.8 The Equivalent Circuit of a Long Line152

5.9 Power Flow through a Transmission Line158

5.10 Methods of Voltage Control173

Problems180

References183

6．Load Flow Studies184

6.1 Introduction184

6.2 Network Model Formulation185

6.3 Formation of YBUS by Singular Transformation189

6.4 Load Flow Problem196

6.5 Gauss-Seidel Method204

6.6 Newton-Raphson(NR)Method213

6.7 Decoupled Load Flow Methods222

6.8 Comparison of Load Flow Methods228

6.9 Control of Voltage Profile230

Problems236

References239

7．Optimal System Operation242

7.1 Introduction242

7.2 Optimal Operation of Generators on a Bus Bar243

7.3 Optimal Unit Commitment(UC)250

7.4 Reliability Considerations253

7.5 Optimum Generation Scheduling259

7.6 Optimal Load Flow Solution270

7.7 Optimal Scheduling of Hydrothermal System276

Problems284

References286

8．Automatic Generation and Voltage Control290

8.1 Introduction290

8.2 Load Frequency Control(Single Area Case)291

8.3 Load Frequency Control and Economic Despatch Control305

8.4 Two-Area Load Frequency Control307

8.5 Optimal(Two-Area)Load Frequency Control310

8.6 Automatic Voltage Control318

8.7 Load Frequency Control with Generation Rate Constraints(GRCs)320

8.8 Speed Governor Dead-Band and Its Effect on AGC321

8.9 Digital LF Controllers322

8.10　Decentralized Control323

Problems324

References325

9．Symmetrical Fault Analysis327

9.1 Introduction327

9.2 Transient on a Transmission Line328

9.3 Short Circuit of a Synchronous Machine(On No Load)330

9.4 Short Circuit of a Loaded Synchronous Machine339

9.5 Selection of Circuit Breakers344

9.6 Algorithm for Short Circuit Studies349

9.7　ZBUs Formulation355

Problems363

References368

10．Symmetrical Components369

10.1 Introduction369

10.2　Symmetrical Component Transformation370

10.3 Phase Shift in Star-Delta Transformers377

10.4 Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines379

10.5　Sequence Impedances and Sequence Network of Power System381

10.6　Sequence Impedances and Networks of Synchronous Machine381

10.7 Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines385

10.8 Sequence Impedances and Networks of Transformers386

10.9 Construction of Sequence Networks of a Power System389

Problems393

References396

11．Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis397

11.1 Introduction397

11.2 Symmetrical Component Analysis of Unsymmetrical Faults398

11.3 Single Line-To-Ground(LG)Fault399

11.4 Line-To-Line(LL)Fault402

11.5 Double Line-To-Ground(LLG)Fault404

11.6 Open Conductor Faults414

11.7 Bus Impedance Matrix Method For Analysis of Unsymmetrical Shunt Faults416

Problems427

References432

12．Power System stability433

12.1 Introduction433

12.2 Dynamics of a Synchronous Machine435

12.3 Power Angle Equation440

12.4 Node Elimination Technique444

12.5 Simple Systems451

12.6 Steady State Stability454

12.7 Transient Stability459

12.8　Equal Area Criterion461

12.9 Numerical Solution of Swing Equation480

12.10　Multimachine Stability487

12.11　Some Factors Affecting Transient Stability496

Problems506

References508

13．Power System Security510

13.1 Introduction510

13.2 System State Classification512

13.3 Security Analysis512

13.4 Contingency Analysis516

13.5 Sensitivity Factors520

13.6 Power System Voltage Stability524

References529

14．An Introduction to State Estimation of Power Systems531

14.1 Introduction531

14.2 Least Squares Estimation:The Basic Solution532

14.3 Static State Estimation of Power Systems538

14.4 Tracking State Estimation of Power Systems544

14.5 Some Computational Considerations544

14.6　External System Equivalencing545

14.7 Treatment of Bad Data546

14.8 Network Observability and Pseudo-Measurements549

14.9 Application of Power System State Estimation550

Problems552

References553

15．Compensation in Power Systems556

15.1　Introduction556

15.2　Loading Capability557

15.3 Load Compensation557

15.4　Line Compensation558

15.5 Series Compensation559

15.6　Shunt Compensators562

15.7 Comparison between STATCOM and SVC565

15.8　Flexible AC Transmission Systems(FACTS)566

15.9 Principle and Operation of Converters567

15.10　Facts Controllers569

References574

16．Load Forecasting Technique575

16.1 Introduction575

16.2　Forecasting Methodology577

16.3 Estimation of Average and Trend Terms577

16.4　Estimation of Penodic Components581

16.5　Estimation of ys(k):Time Series Approach582

16.6 Estimation of Stochastic Component:Kalman Filtering Approach583

16.7　Long-Term Load Predictions Using Econometric Models587

16.8 Reactive Load Forecast587

References589

17．Voltage Stability591

17.1 Introduction591

17.2　Comparison of Angle and Voltage Stability592

17.3　Reactive Power Flow and Voltage Collapse593

17.4 Mathematical Formulation of Voltage Stability Problem593

17.5　Voltage Stability Analysis597

17.6 Prevention of Voltage Collapse600

17.7　State-of-the-Art,Future Trends and Challenges601

References603

Appendix A：Introduction to Vector and Matrix Algebra605

Appendix B：Generalized Circuit Constants617

Appendix C：Triangular Factorization and Optimal Ordering623

Appendix D：Elements of Power System Jacobian Matrix629

Appendix E：Kuhn-Tucker Theorem632

Appendix F：Real-time Computer Control of Power Systems634

Appendix G：Introduction to MATLAB and SIMULINK640

Answers to Problems679

Index685