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Chapter One Greek Culture:Origin of Western CivilizationPART A Greek Culture3

1.1.1 General Introduction3

1.1.2 Influence of Ancient Greek Culture3

PART B Greek Literature5

1.2.1 Homer's Epics in Early Greece6

1.2.2 Mythology in Greece7

1.2.3 Drama in Greece12

PART C Greek Philosophy16

1.3.1 General Introduction16

1.3.2 Famous Philosophers17

PARTD Greek Art and Science21

1.4.1 Art in Greece21

1.4.2 Science in Greece28

Chapter Two Roman Culture35

PART A History35

2.1.1 Legend of the Founding of Rome35

2.1.2 Kings' Period36

2.1.3 The Roman Republic38

2.1.4 The Roman Empire40

PART B Cultural Achievements41

2.2.1 Political System41

2.2.2 Laws43

2.2.3 Latin Alphabets and Language44

2.2.4 Latin Literature46

2.2.5 History49

2.2.6 Architecture and Engineering51

2.2.7 Science55

2.2.8 Philosophy55

2.2.9 Christianity57

Chapter Three Jewish Culture and the Old TestamentPARTA Judaism and the Old Testament63

3.1.1 The Origin and Development of Judaism63

3.1.2 Pentateuch64

3.1.3 Historical Books69

3.1.4 Poetical Books74

3.1.5 Prophetic Books77

PART B The Ancestors and States of Israel78

3.2.1 Until the Time of Solomon78

3.2.2 From the Division to the Babylonian Conquest81

3.2.3 Reconstruction of Jerusalem82

3.2.4 The Jewish Diaspora as an International Issue82

PART C Zionism and Its Cultural Connotation83

3.3.1 The Origin of Zionism83

3.3.2 The Formation and Development of Zionism85

3.3.3 The Cultural Connotation of Zionisrn87

PART D Cultural Achievements of the Jews87

3.4.1 Talmud88

3.4.2 Literature89

3.4.3 Art91

3.4.4 Natural and Social Science92

Chapter Four Christian Culture and the New TestamentPART A Historical and Cultural Backgrounds99

4.1.1 Greco-Roman Philosophy and Religions99

4.1.2 The Roman Domination and Jewish Revolts102

PARTB The New Testament105

4.2.1 Four Gospels105

4.2.2 The Book of Acts112

4.2.3 The Epistles113

4.2.4 The Book of Revelation115

PART C A Brief History of the Early Church116

4.3.1 Founding of Jerusalem Church116

4.3.2 Peter's Ministry117

4.3.3 Paul's Ministry119

PART D Beyond the New Testament Period123

4.4.1 Constantine the Great123

4.4.2 St.Augustine of Hippo124

4.4.3 Christian World View127

4.4.4 The Church and the Secular World129

Chapter Five The Middle Ages135

PART A Europe and Its Politics135

5.1.1 Holy Roman Empire135

5.1.2 Byzantine Empire137

PART B The Church140

5.2.1 Establishment of Papacy140

5.2.2 The Dynamics between the Popes and Kings141

5.2.3 Roman Catholic Church and Orthodox Church143

5.2.4 Civilizing the Barbarians144

PART C The Crusades146

5.3.1 The Islam146

5.3.2 The Crusades148

PART D Dante and the Divine Comedy149

5.4.1 Beatrice150

5.4.2 Exile150

5.4.3 Divine Comedy150

PART E Scholasticism:Aquinas and Anselm152

5.5.1 Scholasticism152

5.5.2 Anselm of Canterbury153

5.5.3 Thomas Aquinas154

5.5.4 Materialism156

PART F The Establishment of Banking and Universities156

5.6.1 Banking156

5.6.2 University158

Chapter Six Renaissance and Reformation165

PART A Renaissance165

6.1.1 General Introduction165

6.1.2 Italy:Source of the Renaissance166

6.1.3 Humanism:Guiding Ideology of the Renaissance167

6.1.4 Western Europe:Spread of the Renaissance169

PART B Literature and Art172

6.2.1 Italy172

6.2.2 France176

6.2.3 England178

6.2.4 Germany180

6.2.5 Spain182

6.2.6 Netherlands183

PART C Political and Social Ideology185

PART D Science and Technology and Philosophy187

6.4.1 Scientists187

6.4.2 Geographical Discoveries191

6.4.3 Philosophers192

6.4.4 Printing195

PART E The Religious Reformation195

6.5.1 Background195

6.5.2 Germany:Martin Luther196

6.5.3 England:Henry Ⅷ197

6.5.4 Swiss:John Calvin197

6.5.5 Significance of the Reformation198

Chapter Seven Age of Enlightenment203

PART A Enlightenment:the Age of Reason203

7.1.1 General Introduction203

7.1.2 Representatives of the Enlightenment204

7.1.3 The Significance and Impact of the Enlightenment209

PART B Revolutionary Era210

7.2.1 The American Revolution(1775～1783)210

7.2.2 The French Revolution(1789～1799)212

7.2.3 The Industrial Revolution(1700s～1800s)215

PART C English Literature216

PART D Art224

7.4.1 Baroque Style224

7.4.2 Rococo Style229

7.4.3 Neo-Classical Style231

PART E Music233

7.5.1 Baroque Period(1600～1750)234

7.5.2 Classical Period(1750～1820)235

Chapter Eight Passionate Romanticism241

PART A General Introduction241

PART B The Origin of the Romantic Ideological Trend245

PART C Romantic Philosophy and Social Thought248

8.3.1 Three Major Classic Philosophers248

8.3.2 Voluntarism251

8.3.3 Liberalism253

8.3.4 Utilitarianism254

PART D Romantic Poems of Nature and Humanity in English256

PART E Emotion and Freedom in Romantic Music261

8.5.1 General Introduction261

8.5.2 Famous Musicians263

Chapter Nine The Industrialized Realism275

PART A General Introduction275

PART B Realism in Literature280

9.2.1 Characteristics and Origin280

9.2.2 Famous French Writers281

PART C Realism in Painting291

9.3.1 Famous Painter291

9.3.2 Impressionism and Post-Impressionism295

PART D Realism in Architecture and Sculpture297

9.4.1 Architecture297

9.4.2 Sculpture298

Chapter Ten Modernism:New Perspective Denying TraditionPART A Modemist Culture:Surpassing and Innovation303

PART B Modernist Ideology and Philosophy304

10.2.1 Famous Philosophers304

10.2.2 Stream of Consciousness306

10.2.3 Existentialism307

PART C Modernist Literature309

10.3.1 Modernist Literature in Britain310

10.3.2 Modern American Literature316

10.3.3 Modernist Literature in Other Countries321

PART D Modemist Achievements322

10.4.1 Modern Art Movements323

10.4.2 Modern Architecture328

10.4.3 Modern Music329

10.4.4 Some Important Figures330

References335