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1．Introduction1

2．Centralized and Distributed Control and Data Planes9

Introduction9

Evolution versus Revolution10

What Do They Do?11

The Control Plane11

Data Plane16

Moving Information Between Planes18

Why Can Separation Be Important?20

Distributed Control Planes28

IP and MPLS29

Creating the IP Underlay30

Convergence Time32

Load Balancing33

High Availability34

Creating the MPLS Overlay34

Replication37

Centralized Control Planes37

Logical Versus Literal38

ATM/LANE39

Route Servers42

Conclusions44

3．OpenFlow47

Introduction47

Wire Protocol50

Replication53

FAWG(Forwarding Abstraction Workgroup)54

Config and Extensibility57

Architecture62

Hybrid Approaches63

Ships in the Night64

Dual Function Switches65

Conclusions69

4．SDN Controllers71

Introduction71

General Concepts72

VMware75

Nicira79

VMware/Nicira83

OpenFlow-Related83

Mininet85

NOX/POX87

Trema89

Ryu92

Big Switch Networks/Floodlight93

Layer 3 Centric95

L3VPN96

Path Computation Element Server101

Plexxi109

Plexxi Affinity111

Cisco OnePK111

Relationship to the Idealized SDN Framework113

Conclusions113

5．Network Programmability117

Introduction117

The Management Interface118

The Application-Network Divide118

The Command-Line Interface122

NETCONF and NETMOD124

SNMP126

Modern Programmatic Interfaces132

Publish and Subscribe Interfaces132

XMPP135

Google's Protocol Buffers137

Thrift140

JSON142

I2RS143

Modern Orchestration146

OpenStack147

CloudStack151

Puppet153

Conclusions156

6．Data Center Concepts and Constructs157

Introduction157

The Multitenant Data Center160

The Virtualized Multitenant Data Center163

Orchestration167

Connecting a Tenant to the Internet/VPN168

Virtual Machine Migration and Elasticity169

Data Center Interconnect(DCI)175

Fallacies of Data Center Distributed Computing176

Data Center Distributed Computing Pitfalls to Consider177

SDN Solutions for the Data Center Network184

The Network Underlay185

VLANs186

EVPN188

Locator ID Split(LISP)191

VxLan192

NVGRE195

OpenFlow197

Network Overlays199

Network Overlay Types201

Conclusions205

7．Network Function Virtualization207

Introduction207

Virtualization and Data Plane I/O208

Data Plane I/O210

I/O Summary213

Services Engineered Path214

Service Locations and Chaining217

Metadata219

An Application Level Approach220

Scale222

NFV at ETSI223

Non-ETSI NFV Work228

Middlebox Studies229

Embrane/LineRate231

Platform Virtualization233

Conclusions238

8．Network Topology and Topological Information Abstraction241

Introduction241

Network Topology242

Traditional Methods244

LLDP248

BGP-TE/LS252

BGP-LS with PCE253

ALTO254

BGP-LS and PCE Interaction with ALTO255

I2RS Topology256

Conclusions259

9．Building an SDN Framework261

Introduction261

Build Code First;Ask Questions Later...262

The Juniper SDN Framework265

IETF SDN Framework(s)268

SDN(P)268

ABNO270

Open Daylight Controller/Framework271

API274

High Availability and State Storage275

Analytics276

Policy279

Conclusions279

10．Use Cases for Bandwidth Scheduling,Manipulation,and Calendaring281

Introduction281

Bandwidth Calendaring284

Base Topology and Fundamental Concepts285

OpenFlow and PCE Topologies286

Example Configuration287

OpenFlow Provisioned Example287

Enhancing the Controller289

Overlay Example Using PCE Provisioning290

Expanding Your Reach:Barbarians at the Gate294

Big Data and Application Hyper-Virtualization for Instant CSPF295

Expanding Topology297

Conclusions298

11．Use Cases for Data Center Overlays,Big Data,and Network Function Virtualization299

Introduction299

Data Center Orchestration299

Creating Tenant and Virtual Machine State302

Forwarding State304

Data-Driven Learning305

Control-Plane Signaling306

Scaling and Performance Considerations306

Puppet(DevOps Solution)308

Network Function Virtualization(NFV)311

NFV in Mobility312

Optimized Big Data315

Conclusions319

12．Use Cases for Input Traffic Monitoring,Classification,and Triggered Actions321

Introduction321

The Firewall321

Firewalls as a Service324

Network Access Control Replacement326

Extending the Use Case with a Virtual Firewall330

Feedback and Optimization333

Intrusion Detection/Threat Mitigation333

Conclusions335

13．Final Thoughts and Conclusions337

What Is True About SDN?337

Economics339

SDN Is Really About Operations and Management340

Multiple Definitions of SDN341

Are We Making Progress Yet?342

Index345