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PART ONE The Nature of Law1

1 The Natural Law Tradition8

1 SAINT THOMAS AQUINAS: Selections from On Law, Morality, and Politics8

2 LON L.FULLER: Eight Ways to Fail to Make Law13

3 MARK C.MURPHY: Natural Law Jurisprudence17

4 JEREMY BENTHAM: Of Laws in General36

5 LON L.FULLER: The Case of the Speluncean Explorers37

2 Legal Positivism55

6 JOHN AUSTIN: A Positivist Conception of Law55

7 H.L.A.HART: Law as the Union of Primary and Secondary Rules68

8 JULES L.COLEMAN: Negative and Positive Positivism84

9 JOSEPH RAZ: Institutionalized Normative Systems101

3 Legal Realism and Skepticism117

10 JEROME FRANK: Legal Realism117

11 O.W.HOLMES, JR.: The Path of the Law120

12 K.N.LLEWELLYN: Ships and Shoes and Sealing Wax126

4 Principles and Legal Interpretation134

13 RONALD DWORKIN: Integrity in Law134

14 ANTONIN SCALIA: Common-Law Courts in a Civil-Law System: The Role of United States Federal Courts in Interpreting the Constitution and Laws151

15 RONALD DWORKIN: Comment161

5 Critical Theory170

16 JURGEN HABERMAS: Constitutional Democracy: A Paradoxical Union of Contradictory Principles?170

17 CATHARINE A.MACKINNON: Difference and Dominance: On Sex Discrimination180

6 International Law192

18 H.L.A.HART: Is International Law Law?192

19 UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT, 2005: Roper v.Simmons205

7 Is There a Moral Obligation to Obey the Law?206

20 PLATO: Crito206

21 M.B.E.SMITH: Is There a Prima Facie Obligation to Obey the Law?214

22 MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.: Letter from Birmingham Jail231

PART TWO The Political Morality of Law241

8 Liberty251

23 JOHN STUART MILL: The Liberal Argument from On Liberty251

24 ARTHUR RIPSTEIN: Beyond the Harm Principle263

25 GERALD DWORKIN: Paternalism281

9 Equality292

26 HARRY FRANKFURT: Equality as a Moral Ideal292

27 JOSEPH RAZ: Equality308

28 KIM LANE SCHEPPELE: The Reasonable Woman322

29 COURT OF APPEALS OF MARYLAND, 1981: State v.Rusk327

30 SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY, 1984: State v.Kelly331

31 UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT, 2003: Grutter v.Bollinger336

10 Rights347

32 JOEL FEINBERG: The Nature and Value of Rights347

33 JULES L.COLEMAN AND JODY KRAUS: Rethinking the Theory of Legal Rights357

34 H.L.A.HART: Are There Any Natural Rights?368

11 Privacy377

35 ROBERT H.BORK: The Right of Privacy: The Construction of a Constitutional Time Bomb377

36 LESLIE GREEN: Sexuality, Authenticity, and Modernity380

37 UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT, 1973: Roe v.Wade392

38 UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT, 1992: Planned Parenthood of S.E.Pennsylvania v.Casey397

39 UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT, 2003: Lawrence v.Texas401

12 Freedom of Expression409

40 CATHARINE A.MACKINNON: Not a Moral Issue409

41 UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT, 1971: Cohen v.California426

42 SUPREME COURT OF ILLINOIS, 1978: Village of Skokie v.National Socialist Party of America430

43 UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT, 1980: PruneYard Shopping Center et al.v.Robins et al.434

44 JOEL FEINBERG: Offensive Nuisances438

13 Terrorism and Torture456

45 MATTHEW NOAH SMITH: The Moral Significance of Terrorism456

46 JOHN YOO AND ROBERT J.DELAHUNTY: Application of Treaties and Laws to al Qaeda and Taliban Detainees471

47 UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT, 2006: Hamdan v.Rumsfeld479

48 ALAN M.DERSHOWITZ: Should the Ticking Bomb Terrorist Be Tortured?: A Case Study in How a Democracy Should Make Tragic Choices497

49 JEREMY WALDRON: Torture and Positive Law: Jurisprudence for the White House509

PART THREE Philosophy and the Law531

14 General Principles of Responsibility545

50 H.L.A.HART AND A.M.HONORE: Causation and Responsibility545

51 JOEL FEINBERG: Action and Responsibility558

52 TONY HONORE: Responsibility and Luck: The Moral Basis of Strict Liability574

15 Punishment and Responsibility590

53 SANFORD H.KADISH AND STEPHEN J.SCHULHOFER: The Case of Lady Eldon’s French Lace: A Hypothetical Decision on a Hypothetical State of Facts590

54 DAVID LEWIS: The Punishment That Leaves Something to Chance595

55 JOHN GARDNER: The Gist of Excuses604

56 NEW YORK COURT OF APPEALS, 1962: People v.Young615

57 NEW JERSEY SUPREME COURT, 1963: State v.Guido618

58 HOUSE OF LORDS, 1843: The M’Naghten Rules620

59 AMERICAN LAW INSTITUTE: The Insanity Defense621

60 JOEL FEINBERG: The Classic Debate624

61 JOEL FEINBERG: The Expressive Function of Punishment629

62 HERBERT MORRIS: Persons and Punishment641

63 JEFFRIE MURPHY: Forgiveness and Resentment655

64 STEPHEN NATHANSON: Should We Execute Those Who Deserve to Die?665

65 UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT, 1972: Furman v.Georgia674

16 Torts and Compensation685

66 JOHN GARDNER: Obligations and Outcomes in the Law of Torts685

67 STEPHEN R.PERRY: Loss, Agency, and Responsibility for Outcomes:Three Conceptions of Corrective Justice706

68 JULES COLEMAN AND ARTHUR RIPSTEIN: Mischief and Misfortune: Annual McGill Lecture in Jurisprudence and Public Policy722

69 SEANA VALENTINE SHIFFRIN: Wrongful Life, Procreative Responsibility, and the Significance of Harm745

70 NEW YORK COURT OF APPEALS, 1928: Palsgraf v.The Long Island Railroad Co.767

71 SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA, IN BANK, 1948: Summers v.Tice774

72 SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA, 1980: Sindell v.Abbott Laboratories778

73 SUPREME COURT OF MINNESOTA, 1905: Mohr v.Williams795

74 COURT OF APPEALS OF NEW YORK, 1978: Becker v.Schwartz799

17 Contract809

75 ANTHONY T.KRONMAN: Contract Law and Distributive Justice809

76 CHARLES FRIED: From Contract as Promise829

77 RANDY E.BARNETT: Should the “Intention to Create Legal Relations” Be a Criterion of Enforceability?850

78 RICHARD CRASWELL: Contract Law, Default Rules, and the Philosophy of Promising856

79 SEANA VALENTINE SHIFFRIN: Paternalism, Unconscionability Doctrine, and Accommodation873

80 SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY, 109 N.J.396, 537 A.2D 1227（1987）: In RE Baby M892

81 SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT OF MASSACHUSETTS, 1825:Mills v.Wyman895

82 SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT OF MASSACHUSETTS, 1973:Sullivan v.O’Connor897

18 Property902

83 A.M.HONORE: Ownership902

84 JOHN LOCKE: From “Of Property”923

85 DAVID HUME: From A Treatise of Human Nature930

86 JEREMY WALDRON: Two Worries about Mixing One’s Labour941

87 ROBERT H.LOWIE: Incorporeal Property in Primitive Society946

88 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT,2001: A&M Records, Inc.v.Napster, Inc.954

89 UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT, 1980: Diamond v.Chakrabarty960