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INTRODUCTION Acknowledgments1

Abbreviations3

A Word to Constitutional Scholars5

Preface7

A Tavern in 17917

The Structure and Approach of this Book9

Footnotes and Bibliography10

Framers, Ratifiers, Federalists, Anti-Federalists, and Founders—the Words Defined10

Evidence for the Original Constitution11

CHAPTER Ⅰ History, Structure, and Preamble13

The Background You Need to Understand the Constitution13

The Common History14

The Founders’ Core Political Values and Principles18

1.Natural Rights: Liberty and Locke19

2.Effective Government21

3.Republican Government21

4.Decentralized Government （Federalism）22

5.Fiduciary Government—“Public Trust23

The Constitution’s Legal Environment and Structure25

The Preamble27

CHAPTER 2 Interpreting the Constitution29

The Founders’ Guide: The “Intent of the Makers”29

Finding the “Intent of the Makers” from the Text32

Finding “Intent of the Makers” from Surrounding Circumstances35

Equitable construction36

Common Errors of Interpretation37

CHAPTER 3 The States42

The States in the Constitutional System: Compact or Popular Grant?42

State Powers44

Aspects of State Sovereignty46

State Immunity from Lawsuits and the Eleventh Amendment47

Qualifications on state sovereignty—in general49

Qualifications on state sovereignty: foreign and military affairs49

Qualifications on state sovereignty: foreign commerce51

Qualifications on state sovereignty: internal commerce52

Qualifications on state sovereignty: promoting interstate comity53

Qualifications on state sovereignty: The ban on bills of attainder56

Qualifications on state sovereignty: The ban on ex post facto laws57

Qualifications on state sovereignty: The ban on laws impairing the obligation of contracts57

Qualifications on state sovereignty: The Supremacy Clause58

CHAPTER 4 The House, the Senate, and the Vice President61

Organization of Article I61

The Two Houses of Congress Were Not Interchangeable61

The House of Representatives63

The Senate69

The Vice President74

CHAPTER 5 About the Grants of Powers to Congress77

The Enumerated Powers77

Limitations on Powers78

Construing Congressional Powers80

The Fiduciary Nature of Congressional Powers80

The Necessary and Proper Clause（s）82

CHAPTER 6 The Authority of Congress87

Revenue-Raising87

Borrowing and Spending90

Congressional Powers Over the Economy:Commerce Across Political Lines, Bankruptcy,Post Office, Patents, Copyrights, and Money and Other Weights and Measures95

Congressional Military Powers103

Congressional Judicial, Criminal, and Immigration Powers107

Congressional Powers over Federal Land—The Enclave Clause and the Territories and Property Clause108

Congressional Powers to Promote Concord Among the States112

Congressional Administrative Powers113

1.A Limited Power Over Elections113

2.Other administrative powers116

CHAPTER 7 The Executive119

Introduction119

Executive Designation Clause or Executive Vesting Clause?119

Term, Selection and Qualifications of the President and Vice President123

The President’s Compensation and Oath128

The Enumerated Powers of the President—in General128

1.The Scheme of Enumeration128

2.The President’s Incidental Powers130

Presidential Powers Arguably Legislative or Judicial130

1.The Veto130

2.Other Quasi-Legislative and Quasi Judicial Authority131

Domestic Executive Powers132

1.Executing the laws132

2.Appointing subordinate executive officers132

3.Removal of executive officers133

Military powers134

Foreign Affairs and Treaties135

1.Powers of the President over foreign affairs135

2.Power of the President over international compacts and treaties136

Limitations on the President139

CHAPTER 8 The Judicial Branch143

Judicial Powers143

Judicial Review148

Limitations on the Judicial Power149

CHAPTER 9 The Bill of Rights and other External Limitations on Federal Powers153

Introduction153

“Good Government” Restrictions156

1.Uniformity of indirect taxes158

2.Apportionment of direct taxes158

3.The oath to support the Constitution161

4.Other “good government” restrictions162

Restrictions on Federal Retroactivity: The Article Ⅰ,Section 9 Ex Post Facto and Attainder Clauses and the Fifth Amendment Takings and Due Process Clauses163

1.The Problem of Retrooctivity163

2.The Reasons for the Fifth Amendment Takings and Due Process Clauses163

4.The Fifth Amendment Due Process Clause167

Protecting “Property” in Slaves170

The First Amendment Religion Clauses171

The First Amendment Speech and Press Clauses173

1.Freedom of the press173

2.Freedom o f speech177

The First Amendment Assembly and Petition Clauses180

The Second and Third Amendments: Protecting Health,Hearth, and Home182

Protections for the Accused—including Treason, Habeas Corpus, and the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Eighth Amendments184

1.The Treason Clauses184

2.The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus185

3.Trial By Jury187

4.Searches and Seizures189

5.Due Process--cross-reference189

6.Other pre-conviction safeguards189

7.Post-Conviction Proceedings191

The Seventh Amendment.Protecting the Common Law Jury191

Application of the Bill of Rights to Military Personnel192

1.American military personnel192

2.Captured enemy personnel195

What about unenumerated rights?197

CHAPTER 10 The Ninth and Tenth Amendments199

The Ninth Amendment200

The Tenth Amendment204

CHAPTER 11 Removal from Office209

Removal Following Impeachment and Trial209

Removal of Executive Office by the President214

CHAPTER 12 Ratification and Amendment217

Ratification217

Amendment218

CHAPTER 13 Conclusion223

REFERENCE Bibliography229

General Sources229

Appendix242

Index258