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Chapter One Discourse and Situation1

1.1 Language as System and as Activity1

1.2 Language Use with Purpose and Function4

1.3 Language in Situation5

1.4 Analyzing the Context of Situation8

1.5 Functions of Language11

1.6 Criteria for a Text15

Chapter Two Organization of Text18

2.1 Organizing Ideas19

2.1.1 Traditional Rhetorical Patterns19

2.1.2 Tagmemics20

2.1.3 Synectics23

2.2 Organizing a Paragraph24

2.2.1 A Helpful Pattern25

2.2.2 Topic Sentence28

2.3 Organizing an Essay30

2.3.1 A Usual Pattern30

2.3.2 Thesis Statement35

2.3.3 Long Essays37

Chapter Three The Underlying Organization39

3.1 Organization of an Event and Its Description39

3.2 Narratives in Real Life42

3.2.1 Details of a Process42

3.2.2 Complexity of a Process43

3.2.3 Presentation of a Process44

3.2.4 Speakers' Perspectives on a Process47

3.3 From Narration to Argumentation51

3.4 Argumentation in Real Life52

3.5 A Philosophical Note56

Chapter Four Functions of a Clause60

4.1 Rank Scale in English Grammar60

4.2 Functions of a Clause64

4.3 Ideational Function65

4.3.1 Transitivity66

4.3.2 Tense,Epithesis and Circumstance68

4.3.3 Logical Meaning69

4.4 Interpersonal Function72

4.4.1 Mood and Modality73

4.4.2 Person,Attitude and Comment75

4.5 Textual Function76

4.5.1 Structural Cohesion(by Rank)77

4.5.2 Structural Cohesion(Cross-Rank)79

4.5.3 Non-Structural Cohesion83

4.6 Multiple Functions of Linguistic Items87

Chapter Five Reference90

5.1 Personal Reference90

5.1.1 Basic Concepts90

5.1.2 Generalized Exophoric Reference92

5.1.3 Tricky "It"94

5.1.4 Archaic "He"94

5.2 Demonstrative Reference95

5.2.1 Basic Concepts95

5.2.2 "Here," "There," "Now" and "Then"96

5.2.3 "This"(and"These") vs."That"(and "Those")97

5.2.4 "It"vs. "This," "That" and Others99

5.2.5 "The"103

5.2.5.1 Weak Pointing Power103

5.2.5.2 A Difficult Item for Chinese Students104

5.2.5.3 The Two-Question Rule105

5.3 Comparative Reference109

5.3.1 Basic Concepts109

5.3.2 General Comparison111

5.3.3 Particular Comparison113

5.4 The Role of Exophora in Text115

5.4.1 A Doubtful Status115

5.4.2 Exophora in Everyday Life117

5.4.3 Towards a Better Understanding of Reference119

Chapter Six Substitution121

6.1 Nominal Substitution122

6.1.1　"One" and "Ones"122

6.1.2　Different Uses of "One"125

6.1.3　"The Same"130

6.1.4 Comparison Between" One" or "Ones" and "the Same"133

6.2 Verbal Substitution135

6.2.1 Structure of the Verbal Group(Ⅰ)135

6.2.2 "Do" as a Substitute136

6.2.3 Different Uses of "Do"138

6.3 Clausal Substitution143

6.3.1 Difference Between Clausal and Verbal Substitution143

6.3.2 Environments for "So" and "Not"144

6.3.3 Conditions for Clausal Substitution147

6.3.4 Different Uses of "So"149

Chapter Seven Ellipsis152

7.1 Nominal Ellipsis152

7.1.1 Structure of the Nominal Group152

7.1.2 Meaning of Nominal Ellipsis153

7.1.3 Presupposition in Nominal Ellipsis156

7.1.4 Types of Nominal Ellipsis158

7.2 Verbal Ellipsis164

7.2.1 Structure of the Verbal Group(Ⅱ)165

7.2.2 Two Kinds of Verbal Ellipsis167

7.2.3 Presupposition of Verbal Ellipsis168

7.2.4 Verbal Ellipsis in the Clause172

7.3 Clausal Ellipsis174

7.3.1 Ellipsis in Fact Clauses174

7.3.2 Ellipsis in Reported Speech175

7.3.3 Adjacent Pairs176

7.4 Ellipsis:Emphasizing the New181

Chapter Eight Conjunction185

8.1 Conjunctive Items186

8.1.1 "Internal" and "External" Context187

8.1.2 Additives190

8.1.3 Adversatives193

8.1.4 Causals197

8.1.5 Temporals201

8.1.6 Conjunction in Use206

8.1.6.1 Textual and Structural Conjunction206

8.1.6.2 Metalingual Comments207

8.1.6.3 Cohesion and Coherence210

8.2 Parallelism214

8.2.1 Matching in Parallelism215

8.2.2 "Matching" across the Text220

8.2.3 Thematic Structure223

8.2.3.1 Thematic Development of the Text223

8.2.3.2 Organizing Themes for Your Audience227

Chapter Nine Lexical Cohesion232

9.1 Reiteration233

9.1.1 Types of Reiteration233

9.1.2 Reference in Reiteration235

9.2 Discourse Marking237

9.3 Lexical Net240

9.3.1 Types of Lexical Links240

9.3.2 Identifying Links242

9.3.3 Bonds and Net246

Chapter Ten Discourse Coherence251

10.1 Concept of Coherence Revisited251

10.2 Interactive Construction of Meaning253

10.2.1 Falsity of the "Pipeline" Model253

10.2.2 Why Construct Meaning254

10.2.3 Being in the Other's Shoes256

10.2.4 The "Least Effort" Principle257

10.3 Theories about Discourse263

10.3.1 Cooperative Principle264

10.3.2 Politeness Principle265

10.3.3 Speech Act Theory266

10.3.4 Schema Theory268

10.3.5 Dialogism270

References274

Index276