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PREFACE17

LIST OF SYMBOLS21

1 INTRODUCTION1

1-1 Historical Perspective2

1-2 Digital and Analog Sources and Systems5

1-3 Deterministic and Random Waveforms6

1-4 Organization of the Book6

1-5 Use of a Personal Computer and MATLAB7

1-6 Block Diagram of a Communication System8

1-7 Frequency Allocations10

1-8 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves12

1-9 Information Measure16

1-10 Channel Capacity and Ideal Communication Systems18

1-11 Coding19

Block Codes20

Convolutional Codes22

Code Imerleaving25

Code Performance25

Trellis-Coded Modulation28

1-12 Preview29

1-13 Study-Aid Examples29

Ploblems30

2 SIGNALS AND SPECTRA33

2-1 Properties of Signals and Noise33

Physically Reatizable Waveforms34

Time Average Operator35

De Vatue36

Power37

Rms Value and Normalized Power39

Energy and Power Waveforms40

Decibel40

Phasors42

2-2 Fourier Transform and Spectra43

Definition43

Properties of Fourier Transforms46

Parseval s Theorem and Energy Spectral Density48

Dirac Delta Function and Unit Step Function51

Rectangular and Triangular-Pulses54

Convolution58

2-3 Power Spectral Density and Autocorrelation Function61

Power Spectral Density61

Autocorrelation Function63

2-4 Orthogonal Series Representation of Signals and Noise65

Orthogonal Functions65

Orthogonal Series67

2-5 Fourier Series68

Complex Fourier Series68

Quadrature Fourier Series70

PolAr Fourier Series71

Line Spectra for Periodic Waveforms73

Power Spectral Density for Periodic Waveforms77

2-6 Review of Linear Systems79

Linear Time-Invariant Systems79

Impulse Response79

Transfer Function80

Distortionless Transmission83

Distortion of Audio,Videl,and Data Signals84

2-7 Bandlimited Signals and Noise86

Bandlimited Waveforms86

Sampling Theorem87

Impulse Sampling and Digital Signal Processing(DSP)90

Dimensionality Theorem93

2-8 Discrete Fourier Transform94

Using the DFT to Compute the Continuous Fourier Transform95

Using the DFT to Compute the Fourier Series100

2-9 Bandwidth of Signals101

2-10 Summary110

2-11 Study-Aid Examples110

Problems115

3 BASEBAND PULSE AND DIGITAL SIGNALING128

3-1 Introduction128

3-2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation129

Natural Sampling(Gating)129

Instantaneous Sampling(Flat-Top PAM)133

3-3 Pulse Code Modulation137

Sampling,Quantizing,and Encoding138

Practical PCM Circuits138

Bandwidth of PCM Signals142

Effects of Noise143

Nonuniform Quantizing:μ-Law and A-Law Companding147

V.90 56-kb/s PCM Computer Modem151

3-4 Digital Signaling152

Vector Representation153

Bandwidth Estimation155

Binary Signaling156

Multilevel Signaling158

3-5 Line Codes and Spectra160

Binary Line Coding160

Power Spectra for Binary Line Codes163

Differential Coding169

Eye Patterns170

Regenerative Repeaters171

Bit Synchronization173

Power Spectra for Multilevel Polar NRZ Signals176

Spectral Efficiency179

3-6 Intersymbol Interference180

Nyquist s First Method (Zero ISI)182

Raised Cosine-Rolloff Nyquist Filtering183

Nyquist s Second and Third Methods for Control of ISI188

3-7 Differential Pulse Code Modulation188

3-8 Delta Modulation192

Granular Noise and Slope Overload Noise194

Adaptive Delta Modulation and Continuously Variable Slope Delta Modulation197

Speech Coding199

3-9 Time-Division Multiplexing199

Frame Synchronization200

Synchronous and Asynchronous Lines202

TDM Hierarchy206

The TI PCM System211

3-10 Packet Transmission System213

3-11 Pulse Time Modulation:Pulse Width Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation213

3-12 Summary215

3-13 Study-Aid Examples218

Problems221

4 BANDPASS SIGNALING PRINCIPLES AND CIRCUITS230

4-1 Complex Envelope Representation of Bandpass Waveforms230

Definitions:Baseband,Bandpass,and Modulation231

Complex Envelope Representation231

4-2 Representation of Modulated Signals233

4-3 Spectrum of Bandpass Signals234

4-4 Evaluation of Power237

4-5 Bandpass Filtering and Linear Distortion240

Equivalem Low-Pass Filter240

Linear Distortion242

4-6 Bandpass Sampling Theorem244

4-7 Received Signal Plus Noise245

4-8 Classification of Filters and Amplifiers246

Filters246

Amplifiers250

4-9 Nonlinear Distortion251

4-10 Limiters256

4-11 Mixers,Up Converters,and Down Converters257

4-12 Frequency Multipliers263

4-13 Detector Circuits265

Envelope Detector265

Product Detector266

Frequency Modulation Detector268

4-14 Phase-Locked Loops and Frequency Synthesizers273

4-15 Direct Digital Synthesis281

4-16 Transmitters and Receivers281

Generalized Transmitlers281

Generalized Receiver:The Superheterodvne Receiver283

Zero-IF Receivers287

Inferference288

4-17 Software Radios288

4-18 Summary289

4-19 Study-Aid Examples289

Problems295

5 AM,FM,AND DIGITAL MODULATED SYSTEMS302

5-1 Amplitude Modulation303

5-2 AM Broadcast Technical Standards308

5-3 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier309

5-4 Costas Loop and Squaring Loop310

5-5 Asymmetric Sideband Signals312

Single Sideband312

Vestigial Sideband316

5-6 Phase Modulation and Frequency Modulation318

Representation of PM and FM signals318

Spectra of Angle-Modulated Signals323

Narrowband Angle Modulation328

Wideband Frequency Modulation329

Preemphasis and Deemphasis in Angle-Modulated Systems333

5-7 Frequency-Division Multiplexing and FM Stereo333

5-8 FM Broadcast Technical Standards337

5-9 Binary Modulated Bandpass Signaling337

On-Off Keying(OOK)340

Binary-Phase-Shift Keying(BPSK)343

Differential Phase-Shift Keying(DPSK)344

Frequency-Shift Keying(FSK)345

5-10 Multilevel Modulated Bandpass Signaling352

Quadralure Phase-Shift Keying(QPSK) and M-ary Phase-Shift Keying(MPSK)352

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)355

OQPSK and π/4 QPSK356

PSD for MPSK,QAM,QPSK,OQPSK and π/4 QPSK357

Spectral Efficiency for MPSK,QAM,QPSK,OQPSK,and π/4 QPSK with Raised Cosine Filtering359

5-11 Minimum-Shift Keying(MSK) and GMSK360

5-12 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM)365

5-13 Spread Spectrum Systems370

Direct Sequence371

Frequency Hopping377

5-14 Summary377

5-15 Study-Aid Examples379

Problems382

6 RANDOM PROCESSES AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS395

6-1 Some Basic Definitions396

Random Processes396

Stationarity and Ergodicity397

Correlation Functions and Wide-Sense Stationarity401

Complex Random Processes403

6-2 Power Spectral Density405

Definition405

Wiener-Khintchine Theorem406

Properties of the PSD409

General Formula for the PSD of Digital Signals413

White Noise Processes416

Measurement of PSD417

6-3 Dc and Rms Values for Ergodic Random Processes418

6-4 Linear Systems420

Input-Output Relationships420

6-5 Bandwidth Measures425

Equivalent Bandwidth425

Rms Bandwidth425

6-6 The Gaussian Random Process427

Properties of Gaussian Processes428

6-7 Bandpass Processes431

Bandpass Representations431

Properties of WSS Bandpass Processes435

Proofs of Some Properties439

6-8 Matched Filters445

General Results445

Results for Whits Noise447

Correlation Processing450

Transversal Matched Filter452

6-9 Summary455

6-10 Appendix:Proof of Schwarz s Inequality457

6-11 Study-Aid Examples459

Prblems462

7 PERFORMANCE OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS CORRUPTED BY NOISE472

7-1 Error Probabilities for Binary Signaling473

General Results473

Results for Gaussian Noise475

Results for White Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception477

Results for Colored Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception478

7-2 Performance of Baseband Binary Systems479

Unipolar Signaling479

Polar Signaling482

Bipolar Signaling482

7-3 Coherent Detection of Bandpass Biary Signals484

On-Off Keying484

Binary-Phase-Shift Keying486

Frequency-Shift Keying487

7-4 Noncoherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals490

On-Off Keying490

Frequency-Shift Keying494

Differential Phase-SDhift Keying496

7-5 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying and Minimum-Shift Keying498

7-6 Comparison of Digital Signaling Systems500

Bit Error Rate and Bandwidth500

Symbol Error and Bit Error for Multilevel Signaling502

Synchronization503

7-7 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio for PCM Systems504

7-8 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratios for Analog Systems510

Comparison with Baseband Systems510

AM Systems with Product Detection511

AM Systems with Envelope Detection513

DSB-SC Systems514

SSB Systems515

PM Systems515

FM Systems519

FM Systems with Threshold Extension522

FM Systems with Deemphasis524

7-9 Comparison of Analog Signaling Systems527

Ideal System Performance527

7-10 Summary530

7-11 Study-Aid Examples530

Problems539

8 WIRE AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS547

8-1 The Explosive Growth of Telecommunications547

8-2 Telephone Systems548

Historical Basis548

Modern Telephone Systems and Remote Terminals549

8-3 Digital Subscriber Lines(DSL)555

G.DMT and G.Lite Digital Subseriber Lines556

Video On Demand(VOD)558

Integrated Service Digital Network(ISDN)558

8-4 Capacities of Public Switched Telephone Networks561

8-5 Satellite Communication Systems561

Digital and Analog Television Transmission565

Data and Telephone Signal Multiple Access567

Personal Communications via Stellite573

8-6 Link Budget Analysis575

Signal Power Received575

Thermal Noise Sources577

Characterization of Noise Sources578

Noise Characterization of Linear Devices579

Noise Characterization of Cascaded Linear Devices585

Link Budget Evaluation587

Eb/N0 Link Budget for Digital Systems589

Path Loss for Urban Wireless Environments590

8-7 Fiber Optic Systems594

8-8 Cellular Telephone Systems598

First Generation(1G)--The AMPS Analog System599

Second Generation(2G)--The Digital Systems602

The 1,900-MHz Band PCS Systems605

Third Generation(3G)Systems605

8-9 Television606

Black-and-White Television606

MTS Stereo Sound613

Color Television613

Standards for TV and CATV Systems618

Digital TV(DTV)622

8-10 Summary627

8-11 Study-Aid Examples628

Problems632

APPENDIX A MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES,IDENTITIES,AND TABLES639

A-1 Trigonometry and Complex Numbers639

Definitions639

Trigonometric Identities639

A-2 Differential Calculus640

Definition640

Differentiation Rules640

Derivative Table640

A-3 Indeterminate Forms641

A-4 Integral Calculus641

Definition641

Integration Techniques642

A-5 Integral Tables642

Indefinite Integrals642

Definite Integrals643

A-6 Series Expansions644

Finite Series644

Infinite Series644

A-7 Hilbert Transform Pairs645

A-8 The Dirac Delta Function645

Properties of Dirac Delta Function646

A-9 Tabulation of Sa(x)=(sin x)/x647

A-10 Tabulation of Q(z)648

APPENDIX B PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLES650

B-1 Introduction650

B-2 Sets651

B-3 Probability and Relative Frequency652

Simple Probability652

Joint Probabitity653

Conditional Probabilities654

B-4 Random Variables655

B-5 Cumulative Distribution Functions and Probability Density Functions655

Properties of CDFs and PDFs658

Diserete and Continuous Distributions658

B-6 Ensemble Average and Moments662

Ensemble Average662

Moments663

B-7 Examples of Important Distributions665

Binomial Distribution665

Poisson Distribution668

Uniform Distribution668

Gaussian Distribution668

Sinusoidal Distribution673

B-8 Functional Transformations of Random Variables673

B-9 Multivariate Statistics678

Multivariate CDFs and PDFs678

Bivariate Statistics680

Ganssian Bivariate Distribution681

Multivariate Functional Transformation682

Central Limit Theorem684

Problems686

APPENDIX C STANDARDS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS692

C-1 Codes692

Bandot692

ASCII692

C-2 DTE/DCE and Ethernet Interface Standards693

Universal Serial Bus(USB)695

RS-232D,RS-422A,RS-449,and RS-530 Interfaces695

Centronics Parallel Interface696

IEEE-488 Parallel Interface697

Ethernet(IEEE 802.3)Interface698

C-3 The ISO OSI Network Model700

C-4 Data Link Control Protocols703

TCP/IP703

SDLC703

HDLC704

CCITT X.25 Protocol704

Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)705

C-5 Modem Standards706

APPENDIXD USING MATLAB713

D-1 Quick Start for Running M-Files713

D-2 Programming in MATLAB714

REFERENCES716

ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS729

INDEX735