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1．1 WHY STUDY DATA COMMUNICATIONS1

Chapter 1 Introduction1

Chapter 1 Introduction1

1．2 DATA COMMUNICATION2

Components3

1．3 NETWORKS4

Distributed Processing4

Network Criteria5

Applications6

1．4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS7

Protocols7

Standards8

1．5 STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS9

Standards Creation Committees9

Forums12

Regulatory Agencies13

1．6 STUCTURE OF THE BOOK13

1．7 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS13

1．8 SUMMARY14

Review Questions15

1．9 PRACTICE SET15

Multiple Choice Questions16

Exercises18

Chapter 2 Basic Concepts21

Point-to Point21

2．1 LINE CONFIGURATION21

Chapter 2 Basic Concepts21

2．2 TOPOLOGY22

Multipoint22

Mesh23

Tree25

Star25

Bus26

Ring27

2．3 TRANSMISSION MODE28

Hybrid Topologies28

Half-Duplex29

Full-Duplex29

Simplex29

2．4 CATEGORIES OF NETWORKS30

Local Area Network (LAN)30

Wide Area Network (WAN)32

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)32

2．5 INTERNETWORKS33

2．6 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS34

2．7 SUMMARY34

2．8 PRACTICE SET35

Review Questions35

Multiple Choice Questions36

Exercises38

Chapter 3 The OSI Model43

3．1 THE MODEL43

Layered Architecture43

Chapter 3 The OSI Model43

3．2 FUNCTIONS OF THE LAYERS47

Physical Layer47

Data Link Layer48

Network Layer49

Transport Layer50

Session Layer53

Presentation Layer54

Application Layer55

Summary of Layer Functions56

3．3 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE56

3．4 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS57

3．5 SUMMARY58

3．6 PRACTICE SET59

Review Questions59

Multiple Choice Questions59

Exercises63

Chapter 4 Signals65

4．1 ANALOG AND DIGITAL65

Chapter 4 Signals65

4．2 PERIODIC AND APERIODIC SIGNALS66

Analog and Digital Signals66

Analog and Digital Data66

Periodic Signals67

Aperiodic Signals67

Simple Analog Signals68

4．3 ANALOG SIGNALS68

4．4 TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAINS73

4．5 COMPOSITE SIGNALS75

Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth76

4．6 DIGITAL SIGNALS79

Decomposition of a Digital Signal80

4．7 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS81

4．8 SUMMARY82

4．9 PRACTICE SET83

Review Questions83

Multiple Choice Questions84

Exercises87

Chapter 5 Encoding and Modulating91

Chapter 5 Encoding and Modulating91

Unipolar92

5．1 DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION92

Polar94

Bipolar97

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)102

5．2 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION102

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)103

Sampling Rate104

How Many Bits per Sample?106

Bit Rate107

5．3 DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION107

Aspects of Digital-to-Analog Conversion108

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)109

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)111

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)113

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)116

Bit/Baud Comparison118

5．4 ANALOG-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION120

Amplitude Modulation (AM)121

Frequency Modulation (FM)122

Phase Modulation (PM)125

5．5 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS125

5．6 SUMMARY126

5．7 PRACTICE SET127

Review Questions127

Multiple Choice Questions128

Exercises133

Chapter 6 Transmission of Digital Data: Interfaces and Modems139

6．1 DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSION139

Chapter 6 Transmission of Digital Data: Interfaces and Modems139

Parallel Transmission140

Serial Transmission141

6．2 DTE-DCE INTERFACE143

Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment (DCE)144

Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)144

Standards145

EIA-232 Interfac145

6．3 OTHER INTERFACE STANDARDS152

EIA-449153

EIA-530157

X.21158

6．4 MODEMS159

Transmission Rate160

Modem Standards164

6．5 56K MODEMS171

Traditional Modems171

56K Modems172

Downloading174

6．6 CABLE MODEM174

Why Only 56 Kbps?174

6．7 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS175

Uploading175

6．8 SUMMARY176

6．9 PRACTICE SET177

Review Questions177

Multiple Choice Questions179

Exercises185

Chapter 7 Transmission Media187

Chapter 7 Transmission Media187

7．1 GUIDED MEDIA188

Twisted-Pair Cable188

Coaxial Cable192

Optical Fiber193

7．2 UNGUIDED MEDIA200

Radio Frequency Allocation200

Propagation of Radio Waves200

Terrestrial Microwave205

Satellite Communication206

Cellular Telephony208

7．3 TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT211

Attenuation211

Distortion213

Noise213

7．4 PERFORMANCE214

Throughput214

Propagation Speed215

Propagation Time215

7．5 WAVELENGTH215

7．6 SHANNON CAPACITY216

7．7 MEDIA COMPARISON217

7．8 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS218

7．9 SUMMARY220

7．10 PRACTICE SET222

Review Questions222

Multiple Choice Questions223

Exercises230

Chapter 8 Multiplexing231

8．1 MANY TO ONE/ONE TO MANY231

Chapter 8 Multiplexing231

8．2 FREQUENCY-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (FDM)232

8．3 WAVE-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (WDM)235

8．4 TIME-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (TDM)236

Inverse Multiplexing244

8．5 MULTIPLEXING APPLICATION: THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM245

Common Carrier Services and Hierarchies245

Analog Services246

Digital Services248

8．6 DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL)254

ADSL254

RADSL255

HDSL256

SDSL256

VDSL256

8．7 FTTC257

FTTC in the Telephone Network257

FTTC in the Cable TV Network257

8．8 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS258

8．9 SUMMARY259

Review Questions261

8．10 PRACTICE SET261

Multiple Choice Questions262

Exercises266

Chapter 9 Error Detection and Correction273

9．1 TYPES OF ERRORS273

Single-Bit Error273

Chapter 9 Error Detection and Correction273

Burst Error274

9．2 DETECTION275

Redundancy275

9．3 VERTICAL REDUNDANCY CHECK (VRC)277

9．4 LONGITUDINAL REDUNDANCY CHECK (LRC)279

9．5 CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK (CRC)280

Performance284

9．6 CHECKSUM284

9．7 ERROR CORRECTION287

Single-Bit Error Correction287

Hamming Code289

Burst Error Correction291

9．8 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS292

9．9 SUMMARY293

9．10 PRACTICE SET294

Review Questions294

Multiple Choice Questions294

Exercises298

Chapter 10 Data Link Control301

Chapter 10 Data Link Control301

10．1 LINE DISCIPLINE302

ENQ/ACK302

Poll/Select304

10．2 FLOW CONTROL306

Stop-and-Wait308

Sliding Window308

10．3 ERROR CONTROL312

Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)312

Stop-and-Wait ARQ312

Sliding Window ARQ315

10．4 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS321

10．5 SUMMARY321

10．6 PRACTICE SET322

Review Questions322

Multiple Choice Questions323

Exercises326

Chapter 11 Data Link Protocols329

Chapter 11 Data Link Protocols329

11．1 ASYNCHRONOUS PROTOCOLS330

XMODEM330

BLAST331

Kermit331

YMODEM331

ZMODEM331

11．2 SYNCHRONOUS PROTOCOLS332

11．3 CHARACTER-ORIENTED PROTOCOLS332

Binary Synchronous Communication (BSC)333

BSC Frames334

Data Transparency337

11．4 BIT-ORIENTED PROTOCOLS339

HDLC340

Frames342

More about Frames349

Examples353

11．5 LINK ACCESS PROCEDURES357

LAPB357

LAPD358

LAPM358

11．6 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS358

11．7 SUMMARY359

11．8 PRACTICE SET360

Review Questions360

Multiple Choice Questions361

Exercises364

12．1 PROJECT 802369

Chapter 12 Local Area Networks369

Chapter 12 Local Area Networks369

IEEE 802.1370

MAC371

Protocol Data Unit (PDU)371

LLC371

12．2 ETHERNET372

Access Method: CSMA /CD373

Addressing374

Electrical Specification374

Frame Format374

Implementation376

Switched Ethernet380

12．3 OTHER ETHERNET NETWORKS380

Fast Ethernet382

Gigabit Ethernet384

12．4 TOKEN BUS385

12．5 TOKEN RING386

Access Method: Token Passing386

Addressing388

Electrical Specification388

Frame Formats388

Implementation391

12．6 FDDI393

Access Method: Token Passing393

Addressing395

Electrical Specification396

Frame Format397

Implementation: Physical Medium Dcpendent (PMD) Layer399

12．8 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS401

12．7 COMPARISON401

12．9 SUMMARY402

12．10 PRACTICE SET404

Review Questions404

Multiple Choice Questions405

Exercises409

Chapter 13 Metropolitan Area Networks413

Chapter 13 Metropolitan Area Networks413

13．1 IEEE 802.6 (DQDB)413

Access Method: Dual Bus413

Distributed Queues416

Ring Configuration418

Operation: DQDB Layers419

Implementation420

13．2 SMDS421

SMDS Architecture421

Features423

13．3 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS424

13．4 SUMMARY424

13．5 PRACTICE SET425

Review Questions425

Multiple Choice Questions425

Exercises427

Chapter 14 Switching431

Chapter 14 Switching431

14．1 CIRCUIT SWITCHING432

Space-Division Switches434

Time-Division Switches436

TDM Bus438

Space-and Time-Division Switching Combinations439

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)440

14．2 PACKET SWITCHING441

Datagram Approach442

Virtual Circuit Approach443

Circuit-Switched Connection versus Virtual-Circuit Connection444

14．3 MESSAGE SWITCHING446

14．4 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS447

14．5 SUMMARY448

14．6 PRACTICE SET449

Review Questions449

Multiple Choice Questions450

Exercises452

Chapter 15 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)455

15．1 TRANSITION STATES455

Chapter 15 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)455

Physical Layer456

15．2 PPPLAYERS456

Data Link Layer457

LCP Packets458

15．3 LINK CONTROL PROTOCOL (LCP)458

Options460

15．4 AUTHENTICATION460

PAP460

CHAP461

15．5 NETWORK CONTROL PROTOCOL (NCP)462

IPCP463

Other Protocols464

15．6 AN EXAMPLE464

15．7 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS465

15．8 SUMMARY466

15．9 PRACTICE SET466

Review Questions466

Multiple Choice Questions467

Exercises469

Chapter 16 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)471

16．1 SERVICES471

Bearer Services471

Chapter 16 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)471

Teleservices471

Supplementary Services472

16．2 HISTORY472

Voice Communication over Analog Networks472

Voice and Data Communication over Analog Networks472

Analog and Digital Services to Subscribers473

Integrated Digital Network (IDN)473

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)474

16．3 SUBSCRIBER ACCESS TO THE ISDN475

B Channels476

D Channels476

H Channels476

User Interfaces476

Functional Grouping478

Reference Points480

16．4 THE ISDN LAYERS481

Physical Layer482

Data Link Layer487

Network Layer488

16．5 BROADBAND ISDN492

Services493

Physical Specifications494

16．6 FUTURE OF ISDN495

16．7 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS496

16．8 SUMMARY497

16．9 PRACTICE SET498

Review Questions498

Multiple Choice Questions499

Exercises503

Chapter 17 X.25505

Chapter 17 X.25505

17．1 X.25 LAYERS506

Physical Layer506

Frame Layer506

Packet Layer508

PLP Packets510

X.121 Protocol516

Triple-X Protocols516

17．2 OTHER PROTOCOLS RELATED TO X.25516

17．3 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS517

17．4 SUMMARY518

17．5 PRACTICE SET518

Review Questions518

Multiple Choice Questions519

Exercises522

Chapter 18 Frame Relay525

18．1 INTRODUCTION525

Chapter 18 Frame Relay525

Advantages528

Disadvantages528

18．2 FRAME RELAY OPER ATION529

Role of Frame Relay529

Virtual Circuits530

DLCIs Inside the Network532

Switches532

18．3 FRAME RELAY LAYERS533

Data Link Layer534

Physical Layer534

18．4 CONGESTION CONTROL535

Congestion Avoidance536

Discarding537

18．5 LEAKY BUCKET ALGORITHM537

18．6 TRAFFIC CONTROL540

Access Rate541

Committed Burst Size541

Committed Information Rate541

Excess Burst Size542

User Rate542

18．7 OTHER FEATURES543

Extended Address543

FRADs543

VOFR544

LMI544

18．8 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS544

18．9 SUMMARY545

18．10 PRACTICE SET545

Review Questions545

Multiple Choice Questions546

Exercises550

Chapter 19 ATM553

19．1 DESIGN GOALS553

Chapter 19 ATM553

Packet Networks554

Mixed Network Traffic554

Cell Networks555

Asynchronous TDM556

19．2 ATM ARCHITECTURE557

Virtual Connection557

Identifiers558

Cells559

Connection Establishment and Relcase559

19．3 SWITCHING561

VP Switch561

VPC Switch562

19．4 SWITCH FABRICS563

Crossbar Switch563

Knockout Switch563

Banyan Switch563

Batcher-Banyan Switch565

19．5 ATM LAYERS566

Application Adaptation Layer (AAL)566

ATM Layer573

Physical Layer575

19．6 SERVICE CLASSES576

Quality of Service (Qos)577

Traffic Descriptors578

19．7 ATM APPLICATIONS578

ATM WANs578

ATM LANs579

19．8 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS581

19．9 SUMMARY582

19．10 PRACTICE SET583

Review Questions583

Multiple Choice Questions584

Exercises589

Chapter 20 SONET/SDH593

Chapter 20 SONET/SDH593

20．1 SYNCHRONOUS TRANSPORT SIGNALS594

20．2 PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION595

SONET Devices595

Sections, Lines, and Paths596

20．3 SONET LAYERS597

Photonic Layer597

Section Layer597

Line Layer597

Device-Layer Relationships598

Path Layer598

20．4 SONET FRAME598

Frame Format599

Section Overhead600

Line Overhead601

Path Overhead602

Virtual Tributaries603

Types of VTs603

20．5 MULTIPLEXING STS FRAMES604

ATM Convergence to SONET/SDH605

20．6 APPLICATIONS606

20．7 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS606

20．8 SUMMARY607

20．9 PRACTICE SET607

Review Questions607

Multiple Choice Questions608

Exercises611

Chapter 21 Networking and Internetworking Devices613

Chapter 21 Networking and Internetworking Devices613

21．1REPEATERS614

Not an Amplifier615

21．2 BRIDGES616

Types of Bridges618

Birdges Connecting Different LANs620

21．3 ROUTERS620

Routing Concepts622

21．4 GATEWAYS624

21．5 OTHER DEVICES625

Multiprotocol Routers625

Brouters625

Switches627

Routing Switches627

21．6 ROUTING ALGORITHMS628

21．7 DISTANCE VECTOR ROUTING628

Sharing Information628

Routing Table630

21．8 LINK STATE ROUTING633

Information Sharing633

The Dijkstra Algorithm637

21．9 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS640

21．10 SUMMARY640

21．11 PRACTICE SET641

Review Questions641

Multiple Choice Questions642

Exercises645

Chapter 22 Transport Layer649

Chapter 22 Transport Layer649

22．1 DUTIES OF THE TRANSPORT LAYER650

End-to-End Delivery650

Addressing651

Reliable Delivery652

Flow Control655

Multiplexing657

22．2 CONNECTION658

Connection Establishment658

Connection Termination659

22．3 THE OSI TRANSPORT PROTOCOL659

Transport Classes659

Transport Protocol Data Unit (TPDU)660

Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services661

22．4 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS662

22．5 SUMMARY663

22．6 PRACTICE SET664

Review Questions664

Multiple Choice Questions664

Exercises666

Chapter 23 Upper OSI Layers669

23．1 SESSION LAYER669

Chapter 23 Upper OSI Layers669

Session and Transport Interaction670

Synchronization Points671

Session Protocol Data Unit672

23．2 PRESENTATION LAYER673

Translation673

Encryption/Decryption675

Authentication685

Data Compression686

23．3 APPLICATION LAYER688

Message Handling System (MHS)688

File Transfer, Access, and Management (FTAM)690

Virtual Terminal (VT)691

Directory Services (DS)692

Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP)693

23．4 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS695

23．5 SUMMARY696

23．6 PRACTICE SET697

Review Questions697

Multiple Choice Questions698

Exercises702

Chapter 24 TCP/IP Protocol Suite: Part 1705

Chapter 24 TCP/IP Protocol Suite: Part 1705

24．1 OVERVIEW OF TCP/IP705

TCP/IP and the Internet705

TCP/IP and OSI706

Encapsulation706

24．2 NETWORK LAYER707

Internetwork Protocol (IP)707

24．3 ADDRESSING710

Classes710

Dotted-Decimal Notation711

Nodes with More Than One Address713

A Sample Internet714

24．4 SUBNETTING714

Three Levels of Hierarchy716

Masking716

Finding the Subnetwork Address717

24．5 OTHER PROTOCOLS IN THE NETWORK LAYER719

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)719

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)720

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)721

Internet Group Message Protocol (ICMP)721

24．6 TRANSPORT LAYER721

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)722

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)723

24．7 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS725

24．8 SUMMARY726

24．9 PRACTICE SET727

Review Questions727

Multiple Choice Questions728

Exercises731

Chapter 25 TCP/IP Protocol Suite: Part 2, Application Layer737

Chapter 25 TCP/IP Protocol Suite: Part 2, Application Layer737

25．1 CLIENT-SERVER MODEL737

Client738

Server738

BOOTP739

DHCP739

25．2 BOOTSTRAP PROTOCOL (BOOTP) AND DYNAMIC HOST CONFIGURATION PROTOCOL (DHCP)739

25．3 DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS)740

DNS in the Internet740

25．4 TELNET742

Network Virtual Terminal (NVT)745

25．5 FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP)745

25．6 TRIVIAL FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (TFTP)746

25．7 SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL (SMTP)747

User Agent (UA)749

Addresses749

Mail Transfer Agent (MTA)749

Post Office Protocol (POP)750

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)750

25．8 SIMPLE NETWORK MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL (SNMP)752

Concept752

SMI753

MIB753

SNMP754

25．9 HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL (HTTP)755

HTTP Transaction755

Messages756

Request Messages756

Response Message756

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)756

Hypertext And Hypermedia758

Browser Architecture758

25．10 WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)758

Static Documents760

HTML760

Dynamic Documents762

Common Gateway Interface (CGI)763

Active Documents764

Java765

25．11 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS765

25．12 SUMMARY766

25．13 PRACTICE SET768

Review Questions768

Multiple Choice Questions769

Exercises775

Appendix A ASCII Code777

Appendix A ASCII Code777

Appendix B Numbering Systems and Transformation782

Appendix B Numbering Systems and Transformation782

B．1 NUMBERING SYSTEMS782

Decimal Numbers783

Binary Numbers783

Octal Numbers784

Hexadecimal Numbers785

B．2 TRANSFORMATION786

From Other Systems to Decimal787

From Decimal to Other Systems788

From Binary to Octal or Hexadecimal788

From Octal or Hexadecimal to Binary789

Appendix C Representation of Binary Numbers790

Appendix C Representation of Binary Numbers790

C．1 UNSIGNED NUMBERS790

C．2 SIGNED NUMBERS791

Sign-and-Magnitude791

One s Complement793

Two s Complement794

Finding the Complement795

C．3 MORE ABOUT ONE S COMPLEMENT795

Adding Two Numbers796

Appendix D Fourier Analysis798

Appendix D Fourier Analysis798

D．1 FOURIER SERIES799

D．2 FOURIER TRANSFORM801

Appendix E Hardware Equipment for Error Detection802

E．1 ELECTRONIC DEVICES802

XOR Gate802

Appendix E Hardware Equipment for Error Detection802

Shift Register803

NOT Gate803

E．2 VERTICAL REDUNDANCY CHECK (VRC)804

VRC Generator804

VRC Checker804

E．3 LONGITUDINAL REDUNDANCY CHECK (LRC)805

LRC Generator805

LRC Checker805

E．4 CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK (CRC)806

The CRC Generator806

The CRC Checker806

Appendix F Huffman Encoding809

Appendix F Huffman Encoding809

F．1 CHAPACTER TREE810

F．2 ASSIGNING THE CODES813

F．3 DECODING814

Appendix G LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch) Compression Method815

Appendix G LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch) Compression Method815

G．1 COMPRESSION815

Dictionary815

Buffer816

Compression Algorithm816

Example of Compression817

G．2 DECOMPRESSION818

Dictionary818

Buffers819

Decompression Algorithm819

Decompression Example819

Appendix H Next Generation of TCP/IP Protocol Suite: IPv6 and ICMPv6822

Appendix H Next Generation of TCP/IP Protocol Suite: IPv6 and ICMPv6822

H．1 IPv6823

IPv6 Addresses823

IPv6 Packet Format828

H．2 ICMPv6833

Appendix I Spanning Tree835

I．1 SPANNING TREES AND BRIDGES835

Appendix I Spanning Tree835

Algorithm837

Forming the Spanning Tree838

Example838

I．2 SPANNING TREES AND MULTICAST ROUTING840

References841

References841

Glossary843

Glossary843

Index877

Index877