半导体光学 第3版2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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1 Introduction1

1.1 Aims and Concepts1

1.2 Outline of the Book and a lot of References2

1.3 Some Personal Thoughts4

1.4 Problems5

References to Chap.16

2 Maxwell's Equations,Photons and the Density of States11

2.1 Maxwell's Equations11

2.2 Electromagnetic Radiation in Vacuum14

2.3 Electromagnetic Radiation in Matter;Linear Optics17

2.4 Transverse.Longitudinal and Surface Waves21

2.5 Photons and Some Aspects of Quantum Mechanics and of Dispersion Relations22

2.6 Density of States and Occupation Probabilities26

2.7 Problems33

References to Chap.234

3 Interaction of Light with Matter37

3.1 Macroscopic Aspects for Solids37

3.1.1 Boundary Conditions37

3.1.2 Laws of Reflection and Refraction40

3.1.3 Noether's Theorem and Some Aspects of Conservation Laws42

3.1.4 Reflection and Transmission at an Interface and Fresnel's Formulae44

3.1.5 Extinction and Absorption of Light48

3.1.6 Transmission Through a Slab of Matter and Fabry Perot Modes49

3.1.7 Birefringence and Dichroism53

3.1.8 Optical Activity61

3.2 Microscopic Aspects61

3.2.1 Absorption,Stimulated and Spontaneous Emission,Virtual Excitation62

3.2.2 Perturbative Treatment of the Linear Interaction of Light with Matter65

3.3 Problems71

References to Chap.372

4 Ensemble of Uncoupled Oscillators73

4.1 Equations of Motion and the Dielectric Function74

4.2 Corrections Due to Quantum Mechanics and Local Fields77

4.3 Spectra of the Dielectric Function and of the Complex Index of Refraction79

4.4 The Spectra of Reflection and Transmission85

4.5 Interaction of Close Lying Resonances88

4.6 Problems90

References to Chap.490

5 The Concept of Polaritons93

5.1 Polaritons as New Quasiparticles94

5.2 Dispersion Relation of Polaritons95

5.3 Polaritons in Solids,Liquids and Gases and from the IR to the X-ray Region101

5.3.1 Common Optical Properties of Polaritons101

5.3.2 How the k-vector Develops105

5.4 Coupled Oscillators and Polaritons with Spatial Dispersion109

5.4.1 Dielectric Function and the Polariton States with Spatial Dispersion111

5.4.2 Reflection and Transmission and Additional Boundary Conditions113

5.5 Real and Imaginary Parts of Wave Vector and Frequency117

5.6 Surface Polaritons118

5.7 Problems121

References to Chap.5122

6 Kramers-Kronig Relations125

6.1 General Concepts125

6.2 Problem129

References to ChaP.6129

7 Crystals,Lattices,Lattice Vibrations and Phonons131

7.1 Adiabatic Approximation131

7.2 Lattices and Crystal Structures in Real and Reciprocal Space133

7.3 Vibrations of a String138

7.4 Linear Chains140

7.5 Three-Dimensional Crystals146

7.6 Quantization of Lattice Vibrations:Phonons and the Concept of Quasiparticles147

7.7 The Density of States and Phonon Statistics150

7.8 Phonons in Alloys153

7.9 Defects and Localized Phonon Modes155

7.10 Phonons in Superlattices and in other Structures of Reduced Dimensionality157

7.11 Problems160

References to Chap.7161

8 Electrons in a Periodic Crystal163

8.1 Bloch's Theorem164

8.2 Metals,Semiconductors,Insulators168

8.3 An Overview of Semiconducting Materials170

8.4 Electrons and Holes in Crystals as New Quasiparticles174

8.5 The Effective-Mass Concept176

8.6 The Polaron Concept and Other Electron-Phonon Interaction Processes179

8.7 Some Basic Approaches to Band Structure Calculations182

8.8 Bandstructures of Real Semiconductors192

8.9 Density of States,Occupation Probability and Critical Points198

8.10 Electrons and Holes in Quantum Wells and Superlattices202

8.11 Growth of Quantum Wells and of Superlattices211

8.12 Quantum Wires217

8.13 Quantum Dots219

8.14 Defects.Defect States and Doping222

8.15 Disordered Systems and Localization227

8.16 Problems237

References to Chap.8238

9 Excitons,Biexcitons and Trions243

9.1 Wannier and Frenkel Excitons244

9.2 Corrections to the Simple Exciton Model249

9.3 The Influence of Dimensionality252

9.4 Biexcitons and Trions257

9.5 Bound Exciton Complexes258

9.6 Excitons in Disordered Systems259

9.7 Problems262

References to Chap.9262

10 Plasmons,Magnons and some Further Elementary Excitations265

10.1 Plasmons,Pair Excitations and Plasmon-Phonon Mixed States265

10 2 Magnons and Magnetic Polarons270

10.3 Problems272

References to Chap.10273

11 Optical Properties of Phonons275

11.1 Phonons in Bulk Semiconductors275

11.1.1 Reflection Spectra275

11.1.2 Raman Scattering277

11.1.3 Phonon Polaritons279

11.1.4 Brillouin Scattering280

11.1.5 Surface Phonon Polaritons281

11.1.6 Phonons in Alloys281

11.1.7 Defects and Localized Phonon Modes283

11.2 Phonons in Superlattices284

11.2.1 Backfolded Acoustic Phonons284

11.2.2 Confined Optic Phonons285

11.2.3 Interface Phonons286

11.3 Phonons in Quantum Dots287

11.4 Problems288

References to Chap.11288

12 Optical Properties of Plasmons,Plasmon-Phonon Mixed States and of Magnons291

12.1 Surface Plasmons292

12.2 Plasmon-Phonon Mixed States293

12.3 Plasmons in Systems of Reduced Dimensionality295

12.4 Optical Properties of Magnons296

12.5 Problems296

References to Chap.12297

13 Optical Properties of Intrinsic Excitons in Bulk Semiconductors299

13.1 Excitons with strong Oscillator Strength299

13.1.1 Exciton-Photon Coupling299

13.1.2 Consequences of Spatial Dispersion302

13.1.3 Spectra of Reflection,Transmission and Lumineseence304

13.1.4 Spectroscopy in Momentum Space318

13.1.5 Surface-Exciton Polaritons325

13.1.6 Excitons in Organic Semiconductors and in Insulators326

13.1.7 Optical Transitions Above the Fundamental Gap and Core Excitons330

13.2 Forbidden Exciton Transitions335

13.2.1 Direct Gap Semiconductors335

13.2.1.1 Triplet States and Related Transitions335

13.2.1.2 Parity Forbidden Band-to-Band Transitions336

13.2.2 Indirect Gap Semiconductors339

13.3 Intraexcitonic Transitions342

13.4 Problems345

References to Chap.13346

14 Optical Properties of Bound and Localized Excitons and of Defect States351

14.1 Bound-Exciton and Multi-exciton Complexes351

14.2 Donor-Acceptor Pairs and Related Transitions359

14.3 Internal Transitions and Deep Centers361

14.4 Excitons in Disordered Systems362

14.5 Problems367

References to Chap.14367

15 Optical Properties of Excitons in Structures of Reduced Dimensionality371

15.1 QantumW ells371

15.2 Coupled Quantum Wells and Superlattices381

15.3 Quantum Wires388

15.4 Quantum Dots392

15.5 Problems403

References to Chap.15404

16 Excitons Under the Influence of External Fields411

16.1 Magnetic Fields411

16.1.1 Nonmagnetic Bulk Semiconductors413

16.1.2 Diluted Magnetic Bulk Semiconductors418

16.1.3 Semiconductor Structures of Reduced Dimensionality421

16.2 Electric Fields423

16.2.1 Bulk Semiconductors424

16.2.2 Semiconductor Structures of Reduced Dimensionality427

16.3 Strain Fields429

16.3.1 Bulk Semiconductors430

16.3.2 Structures of Reduced Dimensionality433

16.4 Problems434

References to Chap.16435

17 From Cavity Polaritons to Photonic Crystals439

17.1 Cavity Polaritons439

17.1.1 The Empty Resonator439

17.1.2 Cavity Polaritons442

17.2 Photonic Crystals and Photonic Band Gap Structures444

17.2.1 Introduction to the Basic Concepts444

17.2.2 Realization of Photonic Crystals and Applications448

17.3 Photonic Atoms,Molecules and Crystals451

17.4 Further Developments of Photonic Crystals455

17.5 A Few Words about Metamaterials456

17.6 Problerns458

References to Chap.17458

18 Review of the Linear Optical Properties461

18.1 Review of the Linear Optical Properties461

18.2 Problem464

References to Chap.18464

19 High Excitation Effects and Nonlinear Optics467

19.1 Introduction and Definition467

19.2 General Scenario for High Excitation Effects476

19.3 Beyond the x(n)Approximations479

19.4 Problems480

References to Chap.19481

20 The Intermediate Density Regime483

20.1 Two-Photon Absorption by Excitons483

20.2 Elastic and Inelastic Scattering Processes484

20.3 Biexcitons and Trions487

20.3.1 Bulk Semiconductors488

20.3.2 Structures ofReduced Dimensionality498

20.4 Optical or ac Stark Effect503

20.5 Excitonic Bose-Einstein Condensation506

20.5.1 Basic Properties506

20.5.2 Attempts to find BEC in Bulk Semiconductors508

20.5.3 Structures of Reduced Dimensionality513

20.5.4 Driven Excitonic Bose-Einstein Condensations517

20.5.5 Excitonic Insulators and Other Systems518

20.5.6 Conclusion and Outlook519

20.6 Photo-thermal Optical Nonlinearities519

20.7 Problems520

References to Chap.20521

21 The Electron-Hole Plasma529

21.1 The Mott Density529

21.2 Band Gap Renormalization and Phase Diagram532

21.3 Electron Hole Plasmas in Bulk Semiconductors538

21.3.1 Indirect Gap Materials539

21.3.2 Electron-Hole Plasmas in Direct-Gap Semiconductors542

21.4 Electron Hole Plasma in Structures of Reduced Dimensionality552

21.5 Inter-subband Transitions in Unipolar and Bipolar Plasmas555

21.5.1 Bulk Semiconductors555

21.5.2 Structures of Reduced Dimensionality556

21.6 Problems558

References to Chap.21558

22 Stimulated Emission and Laser Processes563

22.1 Excitonic Processes564

22.2 Electron-Hole Plasmas572

22.3 Basic Concepts of Laser Diodes and Present Research Trends573

22.4 Problems577

References to Chap.22577

23 Time Resolved Spectroscopy581

23.1 The Basic Time Constants582

23.2 Decoherence and Phase Relaxation588

23.2.1 Determination of the Phase Relaxation Times588

23.2.1.1 Four-Wave Mixing Experiments588

23.2.1.2 Other Techniques and Coherent Processes606

23.2.2 Quantum Coherence,Coherent Control and Non-Markovian Decay622

23.2.2.1 Markovian versus Non-Markovian Damping622

23.2.2.2 Damping by LO Phonon Emission and Other Processes624

23.2.2.3 Rabi Oscillations628

23.3 Intra-Subband and Inter-Subband Relaxation631

23.3.1 Formation Times of Various Collective Excitations631

23.3.2 Intraband and Inter-subband Relaxation633

23.3.3 Transport Properties638

23.4 Interband Recombination639

23.5 Problems646

References to Chap.23647

24 Optical Bistability,Optical Computing,Spintronics and Quantum Computing655

24.1 Optical Bistability655

24.1.1 Basic Concepts and Mechanisms656

24.1.2 Dispersive Optical Bistability657

24.1.3 Optical Bistability Due to Bleaching660

24.1.4 Induced Absorptive Bistability662

24.1.5 Electro-Optic Bistability666

24.1.6 Nonlinear Dynamics668

24.2 Device Ideas,Digital Optical Computing and Why It Failed675

24.3 Spintronics679

24.4 Quantum Computing679

24.5 Problems680

References to Chap.24681

25 Experimental Methods685

25.1 Linear Optical Spectroscopy686

25.1.1 Equipment for Linear Spectroscopy687

25.1.2 Techniques and Results690

25.2 Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy695

25.2.1 Equipment for Nonlinear Optics695

25.2.2 Experimental Techniques and Results698

25.2.2.1 One Beam Methods698

25.2.2.2 Pump-and-Probe Beam Spectroscopy700

25.2.2.3 Four-Wave Mixing and Laser-Induced Gratings702

25.3 Time-Resolved Spectroscopy707

25.3.1 Equipment for Time-Resolved Spectroscopy707

25.3.2 Experimental Techniques and Results711

25.3.2.1 Lifetime Measurements712

25.3.2.2 Intraband and Intersubband Relaxation713

25.3.2.3 Coherent Processes714

25.4 Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy716

25.4.1 Equipment for Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy717

25.4.2 Experimental Techniques and Results719

25.5 Spectroscopy Under the Influence of External Fields721

25.5.1 Equipment for Spectroscopy Under the Influence of External Fields722

25.5.2 Experimental Techniques and Results723

25.6 Problems726

References to Chap.25726

26 Group Theory in Semiconductor Optics735

26.1 Introductory Remarks735

26.2 Some Aspects of Abstract Group Theory for Crystals736

26.2.1 Some Abstract Definitions737

26.2.2 Classification of the Group Elements737

26.2.3 Isomorphism and Homomorphism of Groups738

26.2.4 Some Examples of Groups738

26.3 Theory of Representations and of Characters743

26.4 Hamilton Operator and Group Theory748

26.5 Applications to Semiconductors Optics751

26.6 Some Selected Group Tables761

26.7 Problems768

References to Chap.26768

27 Semiconductor Bloch Equations771

27.1 Dynamics of a Two-Level System772

27.1.1 Wave-Function Description773

27.1.2 Polarization and Inversion as State Variables775

27.1.3 Pseudo-Spin Formulation776

27.1.4 Linear Response of a Two Level System777

27.2 Optical Bloch Equations778

27.2.1 Interband susceptibility779

27.3 Semiconductor Bloch Equations780

27.3.1 Excitons781

27.4 Coherent Processes784

27.4.1 Pump-Probe784

27.4.2 Four-Wave Mixing785

27.4.3 Photon Echo785

27.5 Problems789

References to Chap.27790

The Final Problem793

Subject Index795