Mechanical behavior of materials2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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1 Stress and Strain1

Introduction1

Stress2

Sign Convention3

Transformation of Axes4

Principal Stresses6

Mohr’s Stress Circles6

Strains9

Small Strains11

Transformation of Axes12

Mohr’s Strain Circles14

Force and Moment Balances15

Boundary Conditions16

Note17

Problems18

2 Elasticity21

Introduction21

Isotropic Elasticity21

Variation of Young’s Modulus24

Isotropic Thermal Expansion26

Anisotropic Elasticity27

Orientation Dependence of Elastic Response29

Orientation Dependence in Cubic Crystals31

Orientation Dependence in Noncubic Crystals32

Orientation Dependence in Materials Other Than Single Crystals34

Anisotropic Thermal Expansion34

Notes35

References36

Problems36

3 Tensile Testing39

Introduction39

Tensile Specimens39

Stress-Strain Curves40

Ductility43

True Stress and Strain44

The Bridgman Correction45

Temperature Rise47

Sheet Anisotropy47

Measurement of Force and Strain48

Axial Alignment49

Special Problems49

Notes50

References51

Problems51

4 Other Tests of Plastic Behavior53

Introduction53

Compression Test53

Plane-Strain Compression56

Plane-Strain Tension57

Biaxial Tension （Hydraulic Bulge Test）57

Torsion Test59

Bend Tests61

Hardness Tests62

Mutual Indentation Hardness66

Note67

References67

Problems67

5 Strain-Hardening of Metals70

Introduction70

Mathematical Approximations70

Power-Law Approximation72

Necking73

Work per Volume75

Localization of Strain at Defects75

Notes76

Problems77

6 Plasticity Theory80

Introduction80

Yield Criteria80

Tresca Maximum Shear Stress Criterion81

Von Mises Criterion82

Flow Rules84

Principle of Normality85

Effective Stress and Effective Strain86

Other Isotropic Yield Criteria89

Anisotropic Plasticity90

Effect of Strain-Hardening on the Yield Locus93

Notes93

References94

Problems94

7 Strain-Rate and Temperature Dependence of Flow Stress99

Introduction99

Strain-Rate Dependence of Flow Stress99

Superplasticity102

Combined Strain and Strain-Rate Effects106

Strain-Rate Sensitivity of bcc Metals107

Temperature Dependence110

Combined Temperature and Strain-Rate Effects111

Hot Working115

Notes116

References116

Problems116

8 Slip120

Introduction120

Slip Systems120

Schmid’s Law121

Strains Produced by Slip123

Strain-Hardening of fcc Single Crystals125

Tensile Deformation of fcc Crystals126

Slip in bcc Crystals128

Slip in hcp Crystals128

Lattice Rotation in Tension129

Lattice Rotation in Compression131

Texture Formation in Polycrystals132

Approximate Calculation of R-Values133

Notes134

References135

Problems135

9 Dislocation Geometry and Energy139

Introduction139

Theoretical Strength of Crystals139

The Nature of Dislocations141

Burgers Vectors142

Energy of a Screw Dislocation144

Reactions between Parallel Dislocations and Frank’s Rule146

Stress Fields around Dislocations147

Forces on Dislocations149

Partial Dislocations in fcc Crystals150

Stacking Faults151

Notes154

References154

Problems156

10 Dislocation Mechanics158

Introduction158

Frank-Read Sources158

Dislocation Pile-Ups161

Cross-Slip161

Dislocation Intersections163

Climb166

Notes166

References167

Problems167

11 Mechanical Twinning and Martensitic Shear170

Introduction171

Formal Notation171

Twinning Shear172

Twinning in fcc Metals173

Twinning in bcc Metals173

Twinning in hcp Metals175

Shapes of Twins178

Mechanism of Twinning179

Martensite Transformation182

Shape Memory and Superelasticity183

Notes184

References185

Problems186

12 Hardening Mechanisms in Metals188

Introduction188

Deformation of Polycrystals188

Texture Strengthening190

Crystal Structure191

Grain Size193

Strain-Hardening194

Solid-Solution Strengthening195

Dispersion Strengthening196

Yield Points and Strain-Aging199

Dynamic Strain-Aging201

Combined Effects202

Notes206

References206

Problems206

13 Ductility and Fracture210

Introduction210

Ductile Fracture212

Brittle Fracture217

Impact Energy220

Notes224

References224

Problems225

14 Fracture Mechanics227

Introduction227

Theoretical Fracture Strength227

Stress Concentration229

Griffith Theory230

Orowan Theory231

Fracture Modes231

Irwin’s Fracture Analysis231

Plastic Zone Size233

Thin Sheets235

Temperature and Loading Rate236

Metallurgical Variables237

Fracture Mechanics in Design237

Compact Tensile Specimens239

Strain-Energy Release240

The J-integral241

Notes242

References243

Problems243

Appendix Ⅰ245

Size and Shape of the Plastic Zone at a Crack Tip245

1 5 Viscoelasticity247

Introduction247

Rheological Models247

Series Combination of a Spring and Dashpot248

Parallel Combination of a Spring and Dashpot249

Combined Parallel-Series Model250

More Complex Models251

Damping251

Natural Decay253

Elastic Modulus - Relaxed Versus Unrelaxed254

Thermoelastic Effect255

Snoek Effect in bcc Metals256

Other Damping Mechanisms257

References258

Notes258

Problems259

16 Creep and Stress Rupture262

Introduction262

Creep Mechanisms262

Temperature Dependence of Creep266

Deformation Mechanism Maps267

Cavitation268

Rupture Versus Creep269

Extrapolation Schemes270

Alloys for High-Temperature Use273

Notes275

References275

Problems276

17 Fatigue279

Introduction279

Surface Observations279

Nomenclature281

S-N Curves282

Effect of Mean Stress283

The Palmgren-Miner Rule285

Stress Concentration286

Surfaces288

Design Estimates290

Metallurgical Variables291

Strains to Failure291

Crack Propagation294

Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior296

Temperature and Cycling Rate Effects297

Fatigue of Polymers300

Fatigue Testing302

Design Considerations302

Summary303

Notes303

References304

Problems304

18 Residual Stresses308

Introduction308

Small-Scale Stresses308

Bauschinger Effect311

Nonuniform Cooling312

Nonuniform Material313

Stresses from Welding313

Stresses from Mechanical Working314

Consequences of Residual Stresses316

Measurement of Residual Stresses317

Relief of Residual Stresses319

Notes321

References321

Problems321

19 Ceramics and Glasses324

Introduction324

Elastic Properties324

Slip Systems325

Hardness326

Weibull Analysis326

Testing329

Porosity329

High-Temperature Behavior331

Fracture Toughness331

Toughening of Ceramics334

Fatigue335

Silicate Glasses335

Strength of Glasses338

Thermally Induced Stresses339

Delayed Fracture340

Glassy Metals341

Notes342

References343

Problems343

20 Polymers345

Introduction345

Elastic Behavior345

Rubber Elasticity350

Damping353

Yielding353

Effect of Strain Rate356

Effect of Pressure356

Crazing361

Yielding of Fibers in Compression363

Fracture364

Deformation Mechanism Maps366

Shape-Memory Effect367

References368

Notes368

Problems370

21 Composites372

Introduction372

Fiber-Reinforced Composites372

Elastic Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Composites372

Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Composites376

Volume Fraction of Fibers377

Orientation Dependence of Strength378

Fiber Length379

Failures with Discontinuous Fibers381

Failure under Compression382

Typical Properties383

Particulate Composites384

Brick-Wall Model385

Lamellar Composites387

Notes388

References389

Problems389

22 Mechanical Working392

Introduction392

Bulk-Forming Energy Balance392

Deformation Zone Geometry396

Friction in Bulk Forming399

Formability400

Deep Drawing401

Stamping403

Notes407

References409

Problems409

Appendix A413

Appendix B418

Index421