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Chapter 1 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW FUNDAMENTALS AND THE COMMON LAW1

Objective of this Book1

Lawyers and Laymen1

What Is Environmental Law ？3

Environmental Law and the Courts3

States and United States Court Systems3

Cases Which the United States Courts Can Decide4

United States Court System5

Courts in Practical Perspective7

Common Law7

Case Law9

Obiter Dicta9

Torts10

Nuisance10

Private or Public Nuisances11

Noise Nuisance12

Other Nuisances14

Some Defenses to Nuisance Actions16

Coming to a Nuisance17

Trespass18

Negligence20

ResIpsa Loquitur21

Violation of a Statute orOrdinance22

Dangerous Substances—Strict Liability23

Defenses to an Action for Negligence24

Contributory Negligence24

Assumption of Risk25

Proving Negligence25

Sovereign Immunity and Torts25

Constitutional Law27

Constitution and Government Authority27

Limits on Governmental Action27

Search Warrants and the Fourth Amendment27

Prohibition Against Self-Incrimination： The Fifth Amendment30

Due Process， the Fifth and the Fourteenth Amendments30

Police Power and Due Process31

Prohibition Against Talang Property Without Compensation32

Commerce Clause Limitations34

Equal Protection of the Laws35

Constitutional Protection of the Environment36

Defenses38

Generally38

Laches40

Contractual Authorization40

Public Authorization41

Vagueness41

Unreasonableness and Impossibility of Performance42

Parties44

Standing， or Who May Sue44

Class Actions46

Evidence46

Burden of Proof46

Judicial Notice47

Presumptions47

Admissions47

Questions of Law and Fact47

Relevant and Material48

Res Inter Alios Acta48

Hearsay48

Opinion Evidence49

Best Evidence Rule49

Parol Evidence Rule49

Witnesses49

Privileged Communications49

Your Own Reports as Evidence Against You51

Samples or Physical Evidence52

Evidence Collection and Constitutional Rights52

Administrative Law53

Generally53

Powers of Governmental Agencies53

Procedures53

Evidence in Administrative Law54

Hearings55

Judicial Review55

Attorneys’ Fees—New Concepts57

Criminal and Civil Liability of Corporate Employees58

Chapter 2 RESOURCE CONSERYATION AND RECOVERY ACT61

Overview61

Policy Goals and Objectives of RCRA， as Amended64

Definition of Solid and Hazardous Waste64

Subtitle C: The Hazardous Waste Management Program65

Identification of Hazardous Wastes under the Implementing Regulations65

Hazardous WasteLists67

Hazardous Waste Characteristics69

Mixtures of Hazardous Wastes and Solid Waste71

Used， Reused， Recycled or Reclaimed Hazardous Wastes71

1984 Amendments Relevant to Fuel Containing Hazardous Waste73

Notification of Hazardous Waste Management Activities74

Generators of Hazardous Waste75

Small Generators77

Transporters of Hazardous Wastes79

Statutory and Regulatory Requirements for T/S/D Facilities82

Standards of General Applicability85

Standards for Specific Types of T/S/D Facilities89

Impact of the 1984 Amendments90

Prohibitions on Land Disposal of Certain Wastes90

Liquids in Landfills92

Existing Surface Impoundments and Minimum Technological Requirements92

Expansion During Interim Status94

Corrective Action Beyond Facility Boundary94

Minimum Technological Requirement for New Landfills and Surface Impoundments95

Permits96

State Hazardous Waste Programs98

Inspection and Enforcement100

Regulation of Underground Storage Tanks101

State or Regional Solid Waste Plans103

Role of the Department of Commerce104

Federal Responsibilities104

Additional Enforcement Provisions: Citizens Suits and Imminent Hazard Actions105

Research， Development， Demonstration， and Information107

National Groundwater Commission107

Conclusion108

Chapter 3 COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE，COMPENSATION AND LI BILITY ACT （SUPERPUND）109

Overview109

Statutory Funds110

Agency Responsibilities111

Toxic Substances and Disease Registry112

Response and Clean Up Authority114

National Contingency Plan115

Revised National Contingency Plan116

Response， Removal and Remedial Action119

Oil Spill Response （Clean Water Act）119

Hazardous Substance and Pollutant and Contaminant Response （Superfund）119

Evaluating Sites: The National Priorities List120

Liability and Enforcement125

Inspections， Records and Reporting131

Financial Responsibility132

Vessels132

Facilities133

Motor Carriers133

Hazardous Substances Response Fund133

Establishment of the Response Fund133

Fund Uses134

Procedures for Claims Against the Response Fund136

Post-Closure Liability Trust Fund137

Studies and Reports137

Regulatory Authority138

Judicial Review138

State Superfund Laws139

Chapter 4 TOXIC SUBSTANCES141

Introduction141

Problem of Unregulated Chemicals142

The Need for a Toxic Substances Control Act144

Legislative Background144

Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976146

Premanufacture Notification—Statutory Provisions146

PMN Regulations Proposed and Reproposed147

Interim PMN Policy and Final Regulations149

Proposed Testing Guidelines Under Section 5149

PMN Exemption: Section 5（h）（4）150

Significant New Use Regulations （SNURs）151

Rejection of PMNs153

Inventory List: Section 8（b）155

Reporting Requirements159

Section 8（a）159

Proposed 8（a） Regulation， 1980159

Section 8（a） Final Regulations160

Reporting of Health and Safety Studies: Section 8（d）161

Reports of Health and Safety Studies164

Hazard Reporting Requirements165

Substantial Risk Notification: Section 8（e）165

Significant Adverse Reactions: Section 8（c）167

Testing Requirements168

General Testing Requirements: Section 4（a）168

Testing Reimbursement170

Priority List for Chemical Testing171

EPA’s Regulatory Role175

Section 6175

PCB Regulation under Section 6（e） and CFC176

Imminent Hazards: Section 7177

PCB Regulation178

Confidentiality183

Citizen Enforcement and Legal Fees185

Relationship of TSCA to Other Federal Laws186

Existing Toxic Substances Laws188

Clean Air Act189

Water Pollution Act189

Occupational Safety and Health Administration191

Consumer Product Safety Commission192

The Proposed Federal Cancer policy192

Goals of the Federal Cancer policy193

Background of the Policy193

Scientific Principles of the Cancer Policy193

Implementation Regulations of the Cancer Policy195

Conclusion197

Chapter 5 SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT199

Safe Drinking Water Act Status199

Public Water Supplies199

Drinking Water Standards199

The Regulated Public201

The Regulatory Scheme201

Aquifer Protection204

Underground Injection Control204

The Regulatory Scheme205

UIC Permit207

UIC Regulatory Enforcement208

UIC Permit Substantive Requirements208

Class Ⅰ Wells: Hazardous Wastes208

Class Ⅱ and Ⅲ Wells211

Class Ⅳ and Ⅴ Wells211

SDWA in Perspective211

Chapter 6 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL213

Introduction213

History214

Establishment of Air Quality Standards215

Air Quality Criteria215

National Ambient Air Quality Standards216

Air Quality Control Regions219

State Implementation Plans （SIPs）220

Content of SIP220

Role of Technology and Economics224

Use of Dispersion Techniques226

Transportation Control Plans227

Maintenance of Ambient Air Quality Standards229

Indirect Source Review230

Variances230

New Source Review in Non-Attainment Areas231

Prevention of Significant Deterioration （PSD）235

Energy Related Authority239

Conversions to Coal239

Energy Emergency Provisions240

National Stationary Source Emission Standards241

New Source Performance Standards （NSPS）241

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants （NESHAP）243

Information Gathering Authority245

Enforcement Authority245

Compliance Orders and Noncompliance Penalties247

Emergency Authority248

Ozone Protection249

Motor Vehicle Emission Control250

Introduction250

Statutory Standards and Suspension250

Certification252

Compliance by Production Vehicles253

Assembly Line Testing254

Warranties254

Recall255

Vehicle Inspection255

Enforcement256

Fuel and Fuel Additive Provisions256

Registration256

Regulatory Authority257

Aircraft Emission Control260

Citizens Suits261

Judicial Review262

Acid Rain263

Chapter 7 WATER POLLUTION CONTROL265

Introduction—The Historical Perspective265

Federal-State Water Pollution Control Program—Overview268

Goals and Objectives268

Mechanisms for Achieving These Goals and Objectives268

Permitting Under The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System269

Program Scope and Applicability270

Permitting Procedures272

Permit Conditions276

Establishing the Limitations for Inclusion in the Permit—Technology and Water Quality-Based Limits280

Pollutants to be Addressed281

Required Level of Treatment—Technology-Based Limits for “Existing” Direct Discharges285

Required Level of Treatment--Technology-Based Limits for “New Source” Direct Discharges288

Required Level of Treatment—Technology-Based Limits for Indirect Dischargers （Pre-Treatment）291

Technology-Based Treatment Standards for Industrial Dischargers Dealing with Process Variability294

Technology-Based Treatment Standards— Publicl Owned Treatment Works297

More Str gent Treatment Required to Meet Water Quality-Related Effluent Limitations300

Controlling Non-Process-Related Waste Discharges303

Controlling Area-Wide Non-Point Source Pollution—Section 208 Planning304

Stormwater Discharges and Best Management Practices304

Oil and Hazardous Substances306

Oil307

HazardousSubstances309

Other Critical Elements of the Water Act Program311

Abatement Actions and Sanctions311

Citizen Suits315

Provisions Having Special Applicability316

Discharges to Ground Waters316

Dredged or Fill Material317

Ocean Discharge Criteria319

Thermal Discharges320

EPA Construction Grants Program321

Cost Recovery Program and User Charges321

Cost Effectiveness and Eligjbility325

Construction Grants—Summary326

Pollution Control Planning in the Current Regulatory Climate326

EPA Standards Development Programs327

Negotiation of Permit Conditions328

Discussions With Regional Office and State Officials329

State and Local Planning Activities329

Conclusion329

Annex A--Section 307 Toxic Pollutants331

Annex B—Industry Categories333

Chapter 8 THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT334

Introduction334

Comparison of OSHA and EPA334

Legislative Framework335

Purpose of the Act335

Coverage of the Act336

Federal and State Employees337

Health Standards338

Slow Pace of Standards Development: The Noise Example339

Standard Setting340

Consensus Standards: Section 6（a）340

Standards Completion Process341

Permanent Standards， Section 6（b）341

Emergency Temporary Standards345

Safety Standards345

Arees Covered by the Standards347

Variances348

Temporary Variances348

Permanent Variances349

Compliance and Inspections349

Field Structure349

Role of Inspections349

Training and Competency of Inspectors350

Citations350

Willful Violations351

Repeat Violations351

State OSHA Program352

The Concept352

Critiques352

Consultation354

Overlapping Jurisdiction355

Qccupational Safety and Health Review Commission356

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health358

Reprisals Against Worker Complaints: Section 11（c）359

Constitutional Challenges: The Barlow Case360

Hazard Communications Regulation’362

Reason for the Regulation362

Controversy and Litigation363

Appendix A—Outline of Key Provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970364

Chapter 9 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT370

Introduction370

Overview371

Title Ⅰ Policy and Goals371

Enforceability of Title I Policy and Goals371

The Environmental Impact Statement372

Title Ⅱ: Council on Environmental Quality （CEQ）373

How NEPA Relates to Other Federal Law374

Environmental Impact Statements375

Background: CEQ’s NEPA Regulations378

Proposed Actions Requiring an EIS380

Findings of No Significant Impact382

EIS Requirements for Special Types of Federal Action383

Procedure and Time of Required Issuance385

Who Can Prepare the EIS and the Lead Agency System386

Delegation386

The Lead Agency System387

Contents388

“International” Environmental Statements389

Applicants’ Environmental Reports390

Seven Other “Action-Forcing” Provisions392

Who Can Sue for Alleged Violations of NEPA396

Chapter 10 FEDERAL REGULATION OF PESTIC398

ESBackground to the Federal Regulation of Pesticides398

Early Efforts at Pesticide Regulations398

Creation of the Environmental Protection Agency400

Pesticide Statute401

Key Provisions of the Federal Insecticide， Fungicide，and Rodenticide Act401

Registration Procedures402

Federal Control Over Pesticide Use404

Cancellation405

Suspension407

Ordinary Suspension407

Emergency Suspension409

Balancing Test in FIFRA410

Trade Secrets411

1972 Amendments to FIFRA414

Indemnities415

“Featherbedding” or “Me-Too” Registrants416

Essentialityin Registration419

Intrastate Registrations420

Scientific Advisory Committees421

Standing for Registration， Appeals and Subpoenas422

Judicial Appeals425

Exports and Imports427

Disposal and Recall429

Experimental Use Permits430

1975 Amendments to FIF RA432

Need For FIFRA Renewal432

Controversy over USDA’s Veto of EPA433

Requirement of Consultation by EPA with USDA434

Scientific Advisory Committees435

Economic Impact on Agriculture Statement436

Self-Certification of Private Applicators437

1978 Amendments to FIFRA439

Conditional Registration439

Generic Pesticide Review439

Greater State Authority440

Compensation and Confidentiality441

Efficacy441

1980 Amendments to FIFRA441

Two-House Congressional Veto Over EPA Regulations441

Changes in the Function and Design of the Scientific Advisory Panel （SAP）442

Legal Cases443

Basic Cases443

Label Restrictions: Theory and Practice445

Administrator’s Flexibility448

Concerning The Scientific Advisory Committee448

Concerning The Administrative Law Judge449

National Environmental Policy Act450

Pesticide Regulation Under Other Federal Statutes451

Pesticides Under the Food， Drug & Cosmetic Act451

Clean Air Act of 1970454

Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972454

Solid Waste Disposal Acts455

Occupational Safety and Health Act456

Federal Hazardous Substances Act456

Federal Pesticide Monitoring Programs457

The RPAR Process457

Chapter 11 MARINE PROTECTION， RESEARCH AND SANCTUARIES ACT461

Administration and Interpretation of the Statute461

Regulatory Scheme463

Prohibited Materials and Permits463

Dredged Materials Permits464

EPA and Ocean Dumping Permits465

Dump Sites467

Marine Sanctuaries467

Permit Applications468

Permit Appeals469

General， Special， Research and Interim Permits469

Court Interpretation of the Law and Regulations470

Enforcement470

Ocean Disposal Realities471

Chapter 12 NOISE CONTROL472

Introduction472

Characteristics of Sound473

Biological Effects of Noise474

Physical Effects475

Physiological Effects476

OSHA Regulation of Noise478

Present OSHA Standard478

Enforcement481

OSHA Noise Hearings481

Economic and Technical Feasibility484

Hearing Protection Devices486

Feasibility and Balancing Debate487

Long-Anticipated OSHA Noise Standard490

Hearing Conservation Program491

Environmental Protection Agency Authority491

The Noise Act of 1970492

The Noise Control Act of 1972493

Noise Sources and Criteria494

Setting of Noise Emission Standards495

Federal， State and Local Jurisdiction Under Section 6497

Warranties499

Advertising Restrictions499

Labeling499

Development of Low-Noise-Emission Products500

Prohibitions and Penalties501

Control of Transportation Noise502

Aviation Noise502

Railroad and Motor Carrier Noise Standards504

EPA’s Coordination Role Within the Federal Government506

Quiet Communities Act of 1978507

Current Regulatory Actions on Noise507

Regulatory Activity Concerning Noise in the Aviation Industry507

Retrofit Of Existing Aircraft508

Airports and Aircraft Operating Procedures510

DOT’s Concorde Decision512

FAA Noise Certification516

Major Sources of Noise516

Air Compressors518

Trucks520

Power Mowers521

Garbage Truck Compactors522

Wheel and Crawler Tractors523

Buses523

Snowmobiles523

Motorcycles524

EPA Motor Carrier Regulations525

EPA Noise Standard For Railroads525

Chapter 13 LAND USE: MAJOR ISSUES IN THE CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT528

Introduction528

Background and Nature of the Problem529

Siting Problems531

Local Issues532

State Law Requirements534

State and Federal-State Planning536

Statewide Land Use Planning537

Land Use Planning for Specific Areas537

Planning for Achievement of Categorical Pollution Control Objectives539

Other Planning Requirements542

Specific Federal Authorizations543

Lead Agency Proceedings545

Federal-State Coordination545

“Third Party” Contracts546

Legislated Procedures546

Approach Under Existing Law546

Participate in the Land Use Planning Process547

Select Sites and Formulate Plans Based on a Detailed Understanding of the Siting Process547

Structure the Procedure and Climate in Which the Siting Decision Will Be Made547

File the Applications548

Make the Reviewing Agencies Do It Right548

Make Sure That Actual Construction Is in Accordance with Your Authorization and the Final EIS549

Prospects For Change: Specific Siting Legislation549

The Deepwater Port Example550

Time Limitation550

Single Coordinated Procedure550

One Environmental Impact Statement Based on Identified Criteria551

Problems with the Deepwater Port Act Approach553

Specific Legislation Begets Stringent Criteria553

“Time Limits” Can Be Illusory553

It Is Difficult to Enforce the “One Window” Concept554

The “One Environmental Impact Statement” Concept Failed554

The Future of the Deepwater Port Approach554

Conclusion555

Chapter 14 ENFORCEMENT AND LIABILITIES560

Realities: Multiple Actions560

Government Enforcement and Liabilities561

Federal Enforcement Organizations and Strategies561

State Enforcement564

Private Enforcement565

Private Enforcement Under Federal Laws: Citizen Suits566

Private Action Under State Laws567

Individual Liabilities: Your Personal Concerns568

Recommendations569

Index571