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PART Ⅳ (Continued) Interpretation and application685

21 States' obligations to investigate and prosecute perpetrators of international crimes: the perspective of the European Court of Human Rights&HARMEN VAN DER WILT685

1 Introduction686

2 The International Criminal Court and the European Court of Human Rights: brothers in arms?689

3 ECtHR standards in respect of the obligation to conduct adequate and effective investigations691

4 Criminal law and human rights law: affinities and distinctions699

5 Conclusion705

22 The law and policy of complementarity in relation to 'criminal proceedings' carried out by non-state organized armed groups&JANN K. KLEFFNER707

1 Introduction708

2 Organized armed groups709

3 Criminal proceedings carried out by OAGs as a matter of law711

4 (Quasi-)criminal proceedings carried out by OAGs as a matter of fact714

5 The law on complementarity vis-a-vis proceedings carried out by OAGs716

6 Policy considerations: prosecutorial discretion vis-a-vis proceedings carried out by OAGs718

7 Conclusion720

23 Complementarity and the crime of aggression&ROGER S. CLARK721

1 Introduction721

2 Complementarity in the Rome Statute723

3 The meaning of 'a State which has jurisdiction over it'725

4 Applying the complementarity regime - discussions in the Special Working Group736

5 Conclusion743

24 Complementarity and alternative forms of justice: a new test for ICC admissibility&GREGORY S. GORDON745

1 Introduction746

2 Situating alternative justice mechanisms within the surface framework of complementarity749

3 A taxonomy of alternative justice mechanisms752

4 Formulating analytic criteria for complementarity evaluation775

5 Conclusion802

25 Complementarity and 'reverse cooperation'&FEDERICA GIOIA807

1 Cooperation as a two-way process808

2 Reverse cooperation in the ICC statutory instruments810

3 Reverse cooperation and complementarity813

4 Risk that reverse cooperation might turn into a malicious tool thwarting the functionality of complementarity816

5 Reverse cooperation and the nature of the relationship between the Court and the states819

6 Beyond complementarity: reverse cooperation for serious crimes under the national law of the requesting state821

7 Reverse cooperation in action: criteria for interpretation and specific procedural scenarios822

8 Reverse cooperation and the ICTY referral bench824

9 Final remarks828

26 In the hands of the state: implementing legislation and complementarity&OLYMPIA BEKOU830

1 Introduction830

2 State expectations832

3 The importance of implementing legislation with regard to complementarity838

4 National approaches to complementarity841

5 Some concluding remarks850

PART Ⅴ Complementarity in perspective855

27 Horizontal complementarity&CEDRIC RYNGAERT855

1 Introduction855

2 The sovereignty dimension857

3 The absence of a transnational ne bis in idem principle860

4 The absence of a credible threat posed by the bystander state862

5 Positive complementarity865

6 The direct effect of Article 17 of the Rome Statute in the domestic legal order866

7 Customary international law: ascertaining state practice with respect to horizontal complementarity870

8 In support of domestic courts applying a horizontal complementarity principle876

9 Lessons from recent Spanish practice878

10 Concluding observations885

28 The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ('ICTY') and the transfer of cases and materials to national judicial authorities: lessons in complementarity&DAVID TOLBERT AND ALEKSANDAR KONTIC888

1 Overview889

2 The vetting programme: Rules of the Road cases891

3 Transfer of cases and materials to courts and prosecutors in the region900

4 Conclusion: the ICTY experience and its relevance to the ICC and the complementarity principle916

29 Positive complementarity in practice: ICTY Rule 11 bis and the use of the tribunal's evidence in the Srebrenica Trials before the Bosnian War Crimes Chamber&FIDELMA DONLON920

1 Introduction921

2 The ICTY Rule 11 bis 'reverse complementarity' regime925

3 The Law on Transfer of Cases and Evidence: a model national legal framework for 'reverse' cooperation929

4 Positive complementarity and reverse cooperation in practice: the Srebrenica trials in Bosnia940

5 Conclusion952

30 Complementarity of procedures: how to avoid reinventing the wheel&TARIK ABDULHAK955

1 Introduction955

2 Common challenges958

3 Complementarity of procedures and relationships between jurisdictions959

4 Planning and use of common norms962

5 An area in need of complementarity of procedures: victim participation967

6 Language services981

7 Conclusion985

PART Ⅵ Complementarity in practice989

31 Making complementarity work: maximizing the limited role of the Prosecutor&PAUL F. SEILS989

1 Introduction990

2 Reflections on aspects of method991

3 Complementarity in practice1000

4 Positive complementarity1011

5 Conclusions1013

32 Positive complementarity in action&CHRISTOPHER K. HALL1014

1 Introduction1015

2 Two basic types of complementarity1016

3 Impact of positive complementarity1034

4 Conclusion1047

5 Kampala postscript1049

33 Complementarity and the construction of national ability&MORTEN BERGSMO, OLYMPIA BEKOU AND ANNIKA JONES1052

1 Introduction1052

2 The ICC's complementarity regime and the importance of national justice1054

3 The need to construct national ability1059

4 The ICC Legal Tools and the construction of national ability1063

5 Conclusion1070

34 The Colombian peace process (Law 975 of 2005) and the ICC's principle of complementarity&KAI AMBOS1071

1 Preliminary remarks1072

2 The process under Law 9751074

3 The complementarity test as applied to the Colombian situation1079

4 Conclusion1095

35 Darfur: complementarity as the drafters intended?&ROBERT CRYER1097

1 Introduction1098

2 The concept of complementarity in the Rome Statute1099

3 A downward spiral: complementarity and cooperation in Sudan1107

4 What can be done in the event of state non-cooperation?1115

5 Conclusion1117

36 Complementarity in Uganda: domestic diversity or international imposition?&SARAH NOUWEN1120

1 Introduction1121

2 The law: the complementarity principle in the Rome Statute1124

3 The practice: effects catalysed by complementarity1129

4 Conclusion1150

37 Courts, conflict and complementarity in Uganda&MARIEKE WIERDA AND MICHAEL OTIM1155

1 Introduction1156

2 The Ugandan conflict and ICC intervention1157

3 The Juba negotiations: opening a national justice debate1163

4 The War Crimes Division and International Criminal Court Bill1168

5 Challenging complementarity?1171

6 Conclusion1178

38 Chasing cases: the ICC and the politics of state referral in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda&PHIL CLARK1180

1 Introduction1180

2 Beyond concurrence: the principle of complementarity and ICC case selection1182

3 Broad ICC prosecutorial strategy1185

4 Democratic Republic of the Congo1186

5 Northern Uganda1197

6 Conclusion: pragmatism revisited1202

39 A problem, not a solution: complementarity in the Central African Republic and Democratic Republic of the Congo&MARLIES GLASIUS1204

1 Introduction1205

2 Positive complementarity in the Central African Republic1206

3 Positive complementarity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo1213

4 Conclusions1218

40 Complementarity and the impact of the Rome Statute and the International Criminal Court in Kenya&CHRISTINE ALAI AND NJONJO MUE1222

1 Introduction1223

2 Complementarity and the exercise of ICC jurisdiction1225

3 Key considerations in relation to the ICC's intervention in Kenya1231

4 Conclusion1233

Index1235