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Chapter 1 Introduction1

1.1 Objectives1

1.2 Background2

1.3 Theoretical Relevance and Previous Approaches to the Problem9

1.4 Method13

1.4.1 The Legal Method in Public International Law13

1.4.2 Economic and Institutional Analysis of Law15

1.4.3 Comparative Law and Economics17

1.5 Structure and Organization18

Chapter 2 The Current Scenario of International Transfers of Technology23

2.1 The Economic Nature of Innovation23

2.2 Elements and Types of Technology Transfer： FDI and Licensing30

2.3 The Relevant Players： The Role of Nation-States and TNCs33

2.4 The Current Participation of Developing Countries in Technology Flows36

2.5 Theoretical Views on the Current Distribution of Technology Flows46

2.6 The Grounds for International Cooperation in the Technology Market50

2.7 Concluding Remarks59

Chapter 3 The Law and Economics of Intellectual Property in the International Market61

3.1 IPR as an Efficient Incentive for International Technology Transfers61

3.2 Advantages of an International System of IPR Protection69

3.2.1 The Comparison with Domestic Systems69

3.2.2 Induction of Stronger IPR Protection through International Law73

3.2.3 Advantages of International IPR Protection from the Firm’s Perspective76

3.2.4 Specific Legal and Cultural Issues of the International IPR System77

3.2.5 Efficiencies of International Policies in Combating IPR Infringements81

3.3 The Principal Types of International Legal Incentives： Bilateral Investment Treaties and Multilateral IPR Agreements83

3.4 Concluding Remarks86

Chapter 4 The Legal Structure of the International Regimes on Technology Transfers87

4.1 The Legal Structure of the Multilateral IPR System88

4.1.1 Patent Protection under the Paris Convention88

4.1.2 Trademarks： The Madrid Agreement and the WIPO’s Role92

4.1.3 Copyrights： The Berne Convention Framework95

4.1.4 The Impact of Technological Progress on Copyrights： The Rome Convention98

4.1.5 The TRIPS Agreement101

4.2 The Normative Structure of a BIT105

4.2.1 The Standard of Purpose105

4.2.2 The Scope of Application107

4.2.3 Conditions of Admission of a Foreign Investment109

4.2.4 Standards of Treatment of Foreign Investments111

4.2.5 Repatriation of Capital and Profits113

4.2.6 Protection from Expropriation and Compensatory Measures114

4.2.7 Dispute Settlement Mechanisms116

4.2.8 Temporal Effects120

4.3 Technology as a Form of Investment under a BIT121

4.3.1 General Definition of Investment under a BIT122

4.3.2 Incorporation of IPRs in the Definition of Investment124

4.4 Concluding Remarks126

Chapter 5 The Relationship between BITs and Multilateral IPR Agreements129

5.1 Theoretical Assumptions： State Interest and Rational Choice130

5.1.1 The State as the Central Actor in International Law133

5.1.2 Plausibility of the State’s Preferences134

5.1.3 The Theoretical Framework for the Analysis of States’ Decisions137

5.2 BITs within the WTO System： Admissibityty of ‘TRIPS-Plus’ Measures140

5.2.1 Overview of Previous Studies140

5.2.2 Interpretation of the WTO-TRIPS Agreement on the Legality of BITs143

5.3 Interactions between Bilateral and Multilateral IPR Agreements151

5.3.1 Behavioral Models on the Formation of International IPR Agreements153

5.3.1.1 State Interests in the Technology Market153

5.3.1.2 Categories of State Behavior in International Trade Relations155

5.3.1.3 Economic Meaning of an International IPR Treaty in a Multiplayer Environment162

5.3.1.4 Specific Differences between Multilateral and Bilateral IPR Regimes164

5.3.2 The Role of BITs in Reducing Transaction Costs in the WTO Forum169

5.4 Independent Economic Effects of BITs172

5.5 Influence of BITs in the Development of CustomaryInternational Law174

5.5.1 The Importance of International Custom for the Technology Transfer Market174

5.5.2 Treaties as Evidence of International Custom175

5.5.3 The Traditional Approach to BITs and Customary International Law180

5.5.4 An Alternative Theory on the Role of BITs185

5.6 Concluding Remarks191

Chapter 6 Conclusion193

Bibliography195

List of International Cases and Disputes215

List of Treaties， Statutes and other Official Documents219

List of Figures and Tables227

Subject Index229