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Introduction1

Part One:Kinds of Clauses5

Chapter Ⅰ:The Coordinate Clause5

(A)Coordinators5

(B)Conjuncts12

(C)Omission of coordinator in absence of conjunct15

(D)Relative clause to serve as coordinate clause17

(E)Ellipsis in coordinate clause17

Chapter Ⅱ:The Relative Clause21

ⅰ．The Relative Pronoun21

ⅱ．Attributives and the Defining Relative Clause23

(A)Attributives23

(B)Attributives replaceable by relative clauses24

ⅲ．Omission of Relative Pronoun26

(A)Omission of relative pronoun as object26

(B)Omission of relative pronoun as subject or predicative27

ⅳ．The Preferred Relative Pronoun in a Given Case28

(A)When antecedent is personal and pronoun is subject28

(B)When verb in relative clause is"be"29

(C)If personal antecedent is not personallyidentifiable by name29

(D)When phrases intervene between antecedent and relative pronoun30

(E)When subject of relative clause is rather complex30

(F)When personal pronoun is subject of relative clause30

(G)After"those,"whether pronoun or adjective30

(H)After an adjective in the superlative degree30

(I)After most indefinite pronouns31

(J)In the emphatic mechanism"It is…"31

(K)When personal and impersonal antecedents share one rela tive31

(L)Personal relative for pet animal31

(M)Non-personal relat ive for human babies32

(N)Relative pronoun for ship always non-per-sonal32

(O)When antecedent is a collective noun32

ⅴ．Special Relative Pronouns33

(A)"What"(also"whatever")33

(B)"Whoever"and"whichever"34

(C)"As"following"such"or"as"or"the same"34

(D)"Than"following"more"premodifying a noun35

(E)"But"meaning"who not"or"which not"37

ⅵ．The Non-Defining Relative Clause38

(A)Nature of non-defining relative clause38

(B)Contrasts between non-defini ng and defining relative clauses39

(C)Points to note about non-defining relative clauses41

(D)Clause as antecedent to"which"or"as"41

(E)"As"relative versus"as"conjunctive44

ⅶ．The Relative Clause and the Non-Finite Postmodifier45

(A)Correspondence between defining relative clause and non-finite postmodifier45

(B)Correspondence between non-defining relative clause and non-finite postmodifier49

ⅷ．The Relative Adjective51

(A)"What"51

(B)"Which"51

ⅸ．The Relative Phrase54

(A)The infinitive phrase containing a relative pronoun as object54

(B)The gerund having a relative pronoun as object54

(C)The simple prepositional phrase containing a relative pronoun as object54

(D)The complex prepositional phrase with a relative pronoun as object56

(E)The non-personal possessive relative phrase56

(F)The simple prepositional phrase containing a relative adjective and a noun58

ⅹ．The Relative Adverb58

(A)Classes of relative adverbs58

Defining and non-defining relative clauses introduced by relative adverbs62

ⅹⅰ．The Compound Relative Adverb62

ⅹⅱ．The Special Relative Adverb"The"64

ⅹⅲ．Relative or Interrogative?66

ⅹⅳ．The Rule of Proximity69

(A)Priority of relative pronoun69

(B)Repetition of antecedent70

Chapter Ⅲ:The Object Clause72

ⅰ．Direct Narration and Indirect Narration72

(A)Direct speech and indirect speech72

(B)Direct question and indirect question80

ⅱ．The Object Clause85

(A)Objects to verbs86

(B)Objects to prepositions91

Chapter Ⅳ:Noun Clauses Other than the Object Clause95

(A)The subject clause95

(B)The predicative clause96

(C)The appositive clause97

(D)The noun clause as object compement101

Chapter Ⅴ:The Temporal Clause102

(A)Temporal subordinators102

(B)Some general remarks about temporal clauses109

Chapter Ⅵ:The Causal Clause113

(A)"Because":when and how used113

(B)"As":when and how used113

(C)"Because,""as"and"since"compared114

(D)"For"and"because"114

(E)Non-defining relative clause as causal clause115

(F)Participial phrase replacing causal clause115

(G)Predicative adjective or noun positioned at beginning of sentence116

(H)Prepositional phrase replacing causal clause116

(I)Negative before"because"clause117

(J)Wrong use of"because"clause as noun clause118

(K)Occasional ellipsis in causal clause118

Chapter Ⅶ:The Manner Clause120

(A) Manner subordinators120

(B)"Like"as manner subordinator122

(C)Special expressions122

(D)Ellipsis after"as" or "as if"123

Chapter Ⅷ:The Conditional Clause124

(A)Conditional clause introduced by"if":indi-cative and subjunctive compared124

(B) Conditional clauses introduced by"suppose"and"supposing"127

(C)Condition introduced by"provided(that)" and negative condition by"unless"128

(D)Condi tion expressed by imperative mood followed by "and"clause130

(E)Condition expressed by verbless clause fol-lowed by"and"clause131

(F)Relative clause as conditional clau e131

(G)Participial phrase in lieu of conditional clause132

(H)Condition expressed by"in case"132

(I)Prepositional phrases in lieu of conditional clauses132

Chapter Ⅸ:The Purpose Clause135

Chapter Ⅹ:The Result Clause138

Chapter Ⅺ:The Concessive Clause148

(A)Concessive clause introduced by"though"or"although"148

(B)Concessive clause introduced by"e e ？ if,""even though"or"if"149

(C)When predicative positioned initially,"though"replaceable by"as"150

(D)Question words ending in-ever are also used to introduce concessive clauses151

(E)"No matter"or"it doesn't matter"＋the question word itself to express concession152

(F)Alternative concessive clause introduced by"whether"153

(G)Concessive clause introduced by"while"154

(H)Some fixed expressions154

(I)Concession expressed by certain preposi-tions154

Chapter Ⅻ:The Comparative Clause156

(A)Ways of expressing comparison156

(B)"Than"differently parsed163

(C)Incomplete,inconsistent or illogical com-parisons164

(D)Comparative element and comparative clause166

(E)Missing element in comparative clause167

Chapter ⅩⅢ:The Proportional Clause170

(A)Overt proportion170

(B)Covert proportion171

(C)Proportion expressed by correlative i？ems"the...the"171

Chapter:ⅩⅣ:The Comment Clause172

(A) Definition and nature of comment clause172

(B)Comment clause versus main clause173

(C)Comment clause in interrogative sentence173

(D)Relative clause as comment clause175

(E)Elaborate comment clauses176

Chapter ⅩⅤ:The Focal Clause178

(A)Sentence:ordinary form versus emphatic form178

(B)Applicability of adverbials as foci179

(C)The connective used after focal clause181

Closing Remarks on Part One184

Part Two: Coordination and Subordination of IdeasPreliminary Remarks185

Chapter ⅩⅥ:Combination of Simple Sentences by Coordination188

Exercise (18 sets of sentences)190

Chapter ⅩⅦ:Combination of Two Simple Sentences by a Relatives193

Exercise (15 sets of sentences)194

Chapter ⅩⅧ:Subordination of One of Two Simple Sentences into a Noun Clause196

Exercise(23 sets of sentences)197

Chapter ⅩⅨ:Subordination of One of Two Simple Sentences into an Adverbial Clause199

Exercise(29 sets of sentences)201

Chapter ⅩⅩ:Coordi nation and Subordination Occurring in the Same Sentence204

Exercise(27 sets of sentences)206

Chapter:ⅩⅪ:Subordination of One of Two Simple Sentences into a Phrase210

Exercise(a)—by using participles(12 sets of sentences)212

Exercise(b)—by using absolute phrases(12 sets of sentences)213

Exercise(c)—by using prepositions with nouns or gerunds (19 sets of sentences)214

Exercise(d)—by using infinitives(14 sets of sentences)215

Exercise(e)—by using nouns or phrases in apposition (5 sets of sentences)216

Exercise(f)—by using adverbs or adverbial phrases (18 sets of sentences)217

Exercise(g)—by miscellaneous methods(43 sets of sentences)218

Exercise(h)—by subordinating in as many ways as possible (9 sets of sentences)221

Chapter ⅩⅫ:Coordination Versus Subordination223

Exercise For (a)—10 sentences224

Exercise For (b)—9 sentences225

Exercise For (c)—10 sentences225

Exercise For (d)—10 sentences226

Chapter ⅩⅩⅢ:Complicated Subordination227

Exercise(a)—Combine into one complex sen-tence (13 sets of sentences)229

Exercise(b)—Rewrite to show proper subor-dination and coordination (8 sen-tences)231

Exercise(c)—Rewrite by using subordination as far as possible (4 paragraphs or sentence groups)233

Appendices235

Appendix235

1—Key to Exercise in Chapter ⅩⅥ235

2—Key to Exercise in Chapter ⅩⅦ237

3—Key to Exercise in Chapter ⅩⅧ238

4—Key to Exercise in Chapter ⅩⅨ240

5—Key to Exercise in Chapter ⅩⅩ242

6—Keys to Exercises in Chapter ⅩⅪ(Exercises[a]to[h])245

7—Keys to Exercises in Chapter ⅩⅫ(Exercises for[a]to[d])256

8—Keys to Exercises in Chapter ⅩⅩⅢ(Exercises[a]to[c])258