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CHAPTER 11

WHAT IS MEANT BY OBJECTS？1

1-1￡(r)Introduction1

1-2￡(r)Information Elements in an Object Landscape4

1-3￡(r)Objects in a Dynamic Operating Environment8

1-4￡(r)Understanding the Way Objects Work11

9-7￡(r)Using the Blackboard for Interfacing to the Database12

1-5￡(r)The Concept of a Class and its Implications13

1-6￡(r)Semantics and the Process of Instantiation16

1-7￡(r)Object-Oriented vs￡(r)Record-Based Models18

1-8￡(r)Fine-Tuning the Class Characteristics21

CHAPTER 224

THE CONCEPT OF INHERITANCE：24

A CORNERSTONE IN OBJECT SOLUTIONS24

2-1￡(r)Introduction24

2-2￡(r)Inheritance，Specialization，and Generalization25

2-3￡(r)Metarules，Constraints，and Equilibration28

2-4￡(r)The Concept of Mapping30

2-5￡(r)Data Abstraction and Procedural Abstraction32

2-6￡(r)Object Encapsulation and Polymorphism34

2-7￡(r)Concurrency and Dynamic Binding36

CHAPTER 338

CONSTRUCTING THE OBJECT-ORIENTED38

ENVIRONMENT38

3-1￡(r)Introduction38

3-2￡(r)Handling Object-Oriented Messages40

3-3￡(r)Message Passing and Linguistic Requirements41

3-4￡(r)Referential Integrity and Garbage Collection43

3-5￡(r)Objects and the Trend Towards Parallelism46

3-6￡(r)Multimedia，Versioning，and Ad-Hoc Queries47

3-7￡(r)Serving the Enduser through Visualization49

CHAPTER 452

4-1￡(r)Introduction52

CHALLENGES WITH OBJECT-ORIENTED DATABASES52

4-2￡(r)Database Access and Query Relevance53

4-3￡(r)Hypermedia and Semantic Modeling57

4-4￡(r)The Overriding Need for Software Reusability60

4-5￡(r)The Design ofReusable Modules62

4-6￡(r)Software Reuse and Cultural Issues64

5-1￡(r)Introduction66

WHY AN OBJECT DATABASE？66

CHAPTER 566

5-2￡(r)A New Look at the Database Utility67

5-3￡(r)The Role of Metamodels in Virtual Homogeneity70

5-4￡(r)Applications Domains for Object Databases72

5-5￡(r)Handling ofAd Hoc Queries74

5-6￡(r)Is Complexity the Best Solution？76

CHAPTER 680

OBJECT-ORIENTED PARADIGMS AND LONG80

TRANSACTIONS80

6-1￡(r)Introduction80

6-2￡(r)An Object-Oriented Paradigm in the Database81

6-3￡(r)Database-Wide Object Identification82

6-4￡(r)Object Classification in a Distributed Environment84

6-5￡(r)Transaction Processing in an Object Database86

6-6￡(r)Making Sense of Database Heterogeneity87

6-7￡(r)Handling Long Transactions89

APPROACHES TO OBJECT-ORIENTED92

PROGR AMMING92

7-1￡(r)Introduction92

CHAPTER 792

7-2￡(r)What is Object-Oriented Programming？93

7-3￡(r)Algorithmic and Heuristic Approaches94

7-4￡(r)Object Programming and Metaprogramming96

7-5￡(r)Concepts Associated with New Programming Policies98

7-6￡(r)A Modern Methodology versus the Waterfall Model101

8-1￡(r)Introduction104

META-PROGRAMMING IN AN OBJECT104

ENVIONMENT104

CHAPTER 8104

8-2￡(r)Object-Oriented Linguistic Solutions105

8-3￡(r)Object SQL￡¨OSQL￡(c)107

8-4￡(r)OSQL Primitives and Functions109

8-5￡(r)Dynamic Processing of Object Properties111

8-6￡(r)An Artifact in the Object Environment114

8-7￡(r)Physical Memory，Logical Memory，and Programming116

CHAPTER 9119

OBJECTS AND THE PROCESS OF PROTOTYPING119

9-1￡(r)Introduction119

9-2￡(r)The Role of Prototyping in an Object Environment120

9-3￡(r)Performance，Content，and Usage121

9-4￡(r)Prototype：A Software Emulator123

9-5￡(r)Do Prototypes，Not Stereotypes126

9-6￡(r)Object-Oriented Blackboards127

CHAPTER 10132

PROTOTYPING THE DISTRIBUTED SOLUTION132

10-1￡(r)Introduction132

10-2￡(r)Prototypes and Software Quality133

10-3￡(r)Graphical Approaches to Aid Human-Machine135

Communication135

10-4￡(r)Developing Graphics Interfaces137

10-5￡(r)The Role of Knowledge Abstraction138

10-6￡(r)Goals ofKnowledge Elicitation139

10-7￡(r)The Ptech Shell141

10-8￡(r)Classification and Method Selection143

CHAPTER 11145

THE NUTS AND BOLTS OF OBJECT145

PROGRAMMING145

11-1￡(r)Introduction145

11-2￡(r)Basic Concepts of Object Programming146

11-3￡(r)Typing and Instantiation148

11-4￡(r)Role of a Data Manipulation Language150

11-5￡(r)C??for Object-Oriented Software152

11-6￡(r)Emerging Features of C??154

11-7￡(r)Program Design With C??155

12-1￡(r)Introduction158

CHAPTER 12158

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SEMANTICS158

12-2￡(r)Time and Space159

12-3￡(r)Finite or Infinite Space？160

12-4￡(r)Structure and Behavior162

12-5￡(r)Computer-Generated Space164

12-6￡(r)Logical and Physical Space167

CHAPTER 13169

HANDLING TEMPORAL DATABASES169

13-1￡(r)Introduction169

13-2￡(r)Modeling Temporal Data170

13-3￡(r)Decision Space and Object Orientation171

13-4￡(r)Establishing and Maintaining Temporal Relations173

13-5￡(r)Temporal Logic174

13-6￡(r)Patterns in Semantic Representation175

13-7￡(r)Patterning and Fuzzy Engineering178

CHAPTER 14181

BEYOND RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT181

SYSTEMS181

14-1￡(r)Introduction181

14-2￡(r)Multidatabases182

14-3￡(r)Knowledge Engineering and Semantics183

14-4￡(r)Commodity Software for Heterogeneous Databases185

14-5￡(r)Architecturing a Long-Transaction Environment186

14-6￡(r)Why are Companies Interested in Object DBMS？188

14-7￡(r)Integrative Capabilities and Semantics Content190

14-8￡(r)Synchronization of Updates191

CHAPTER 15194

LIMITATIONS IN RELATIONAL DATABASES194

15-1￡(r)Introduction194

15-2￡(r)Strengths and Weaknesses of Relational Databases195

15-3￡(r)Contributions of the Relational Model198

15-4￡(r)Premises of Relational and Object-Oriented Solutions200

15-5￡(r)The Quest for Rigorous Solutions202

15-6￡(r)Consistency，Concurrency，and Storage Hierarchy204

15-7￡(r)Physical Aspects of a Multidatabase206

CHAPTER 16210

DBMS FOR OBJECT-ORIENTED DATABASES210

16-1￡(r)Introduction210

16-2￡(r)The Notion ofa Modern Database Management System212

16-3￡(r)The Entity-Relationship Model214

16-4￡(r)Characteristics of Object-Oriented DBMS215

16-5￡(r)Reasons for the Advent of Object DBMS218

16-6￡(r)Choosing Among Object-Based Commodity Software219

16-7￡(r)Merging Data Processing and Knowledge Engineering219

in Database Management222

16-8￡(r)The Big Computer Companies Join the Object222

DBMS Market224

CHAPTER 17227

ONTOS AND GEMSTONE227

17-1￡(r)Introduction227

17-2￡(r)The Ontos Approach to Database Management228

17-3￡(r)Benefits from the Implementation ofan Object DBMS230

17-4￡(r)Features ofa Second Generation Object DBMS232

17-5￡(r)The Gemstone Approach to Database Management234

17-6￡(r)The Virtual Schema Designer236

CHAPTER 18238

VERSANT AND OBJECT STORE238

18-1￡(r)Introduction238

18-2￡(r)Architecture ofthe Versant Object DBMS239

18-3￡(r)Designer，Repository Builder，and Administrator241

18-4￡(r)Distributed Characteristics and the Versant Repository243

18-5￡(r)The ObjectStore DBMS245

18-6￡(r)Minimizing Overhead Requirements247

18-7￡(r)Collection Management and Directory Control249

19-1￡(r)Introduction251

CHAPTER 19251

OBJECT ODB AND PEGASUS251

19-2￡(r)The Open ODB Object DBMS252

19-3￡(r)Roles ofthe Object Manager254

19-4￡(r)Access Flexibility and SQL Extensions256

19-5￡(r)Pegasus，for Transdatabase Solutions258

19-6￡(r)Heterogeneous Object SQL260

19-7￡(r)Cooperative Information Management261

20-1￡(r)Introduction261

CHAPTER 20264

OBJECT-ORIENTED DBMS MADE IN JAPAN264

20-2￡(r)An Overriding Demand for Practical Applications265

20-3￡(r)The Mandrill Approach to Multimedia Database Management268

20-4￡(r)Generalization and Specialization in Mandrill270

20-5￡(r)Object Manager，Object Selector，and Methods Trigger273

20-6￡(r)Object Database Management by Odin274

20-7￡(r)The Management Information Base￡¨MIB￡(c)by Mitsubishi277

CHAPTER 21280

OBJECTS AND DATA LEVEL PAR ALLELISM280

21-1￡(r)Introduction280

21-2￡(r)Parallel Data Algorithms and Architectures281

21-3￡(r)The Practical Efiects ofParallelism283

21-4￡(r)Dataflow and Interdatabase Communications285

21-5￡(r)Recursive Data Parallelism287

21-6￡(r)Associative Storage and Array Logic290

21-7￡(r)Can Classical DP Answer the Challenge？291

CHAPTER 22294

THE CHALLENGE OF HIGH PERFOR MANCE294

COMPUTING294

22-1￡(r)Introduction294

22-2￡(r)Objects in a Hypercube Architecture295

22-3￡(r)Solutions for Input/Output-Intensive Applications296

22-4￡(r)Data Parallelism on a Hypercube297

22-5￡(r)A Hypercube Database Management Solution299

22-6￡(r)Spatial Object Management Enriched by Knowledge299

Engineering301

22-7￡(r)New Perspectives in Computation303

INDEX305

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS313