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Chapter Ⅰ Pragmatics and pragmatic aspects of language use1

1.1 A historical overview of the term“pragmatics”1

1.2 Pragmatics as a branch of linguistics6

1.3 Pragmatic aspects of language use9

1.3.1 Appropriacy9

1.3.2 Indirect meaning11

1.3.3 Indeterminacy14

1.3.4 Context15

1.4 The scope of pragmatics19

Exercises and reviewing questions20

Further reading21

Chapter Ⅱ Deixis22

2.1 The notion of deixis22

2.2 Deictic usage vs.non-deictic usage23

2.3 Types of deixis25

2.3.1 Person deixis26

2.3.2 Time deixis30

2.3.3 Place deixis34

2.3.4 Discourse deixis38

2.3.5 Social deixis41

Exercises and reviewing questions45

Further reading48

Chapter Ⅲ Implicature and cooperative principle49

3.1 The notion of conversational implicature49

3.2 Cooperative principle in theory of conversational implicature50

3.3 Types of conversational implicature55

3.3.1 Standard conversational implicature via observing maxims55

3.3.2 Particularized conversational implicature via flouting maxims58

3.3.3 Generalized conversational implicature67

3.4 Features of conversational implicature72

3.5 Importance of Grice's theory of conversational implicature77

3.6 Conventional implicatures81

Exercises and reviewing questions84

Further reading86

Chapter Ⅳ Relevance theory87

4.1 General introduction87

4.2 Cognitive environment and mutual manifestness89

4.3 Relevance and cognitive principle of relevance94

4.3.1 Relevance94

4.3.2 Cognitive principle of relevance99

4.4 Relevance and communication102

4.4.1 Optimal relevance102

4.4.2 Communicative principle of relevance105

4.5 Ostensive-inferential communication108

4.5.1 Ostensive communication on the part of the communicator110

4.5.2 Inferential communication on the part of the audience112

4.6 Context in relevance theory113

4.7 Explicatures and implicatures in verbal communication118

Exercises and reviewing questions125

Further reading126

Chapter Ⅴ Presupposition127

5.1 Philosophical background127

5.2 Semantic presupposition130

5.2.1 Presupposition triggers133

5.2.2 Defeasibility139

5.2.3 The projection problem142

5.3 Pragmatic presupposition145

Exercises and reviewing questions151

Further reading153

Chapter Ⅵ Speech act theory154

6.1 Introduction154

6.2 Austin's speech act theory:origin and foundation155

6.2.1 Constatives and performatives155

6.2.2 Felicity conditions158

6.2.3 Features of performatives161

6.2.4 Three kinds of speech act165

6.2.5 Austin's classification of illocutionary acts166

6.3 Searle's speech act theory:revision and development169

6.3.1 The redefinition of speech act170

6.3.2 Reclassification of speech act171

6.3.3 Searle's felicity conditions173

6.3.4 Reclassification of illocutionary acts177

6.3.5 Indirect speech acts183

6.4 The late development of speech act theory187

6.4.1 The study on perlocution188

6.4.2 The applied study of speech acts191

Exercises and reviewing questions194

Further reading197

Chapter Ⅶ Conversation analysis198

7.1 Introduction198

7.2 Turn-taking201

7.2.1 Definition and features of turn-taking201

7.2.2 The turn-taking system204

7.3 Adjacency pairs210

7.4 Conversation structure212

7.4.1 Overlap,pause and backchannel item212

7.4.2 Pre-sequences,insertion sequences and post-sequences217

7.5 Preference organization224

7.5.1 Preference in repairs224

7.5.2 Preferred and dispreferred second turns227

Exercises and reviewing questions233

Further reading234

References235

Appendix:transcription conventions244