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INTRODUCTION:Why Study Cultural History?15

A HUMANITIES PRIMER:How to Understand the Arts20

1 PREHISTORY AND NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS1

PREHISTORY AND EARLY CULTURES2

Paleolithic Period2

Neolithic Period3

Technology in Early Cultures5

Stone Age Technology6

Bronze Age Technology7

Iron Age Technology8

THE CIVILIZATIONS OF THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVER VALLEY:MESOPOTAMIA7

The Sumerian,Akkadian,and Babylonian Kingdoms7

The Cradle of Civilization8

Writing9

Religion9

ENCOUNTER The Phoenicians and the Alphabet10

Literature11

Law12

SLICE OF LIFE "A Sumerian Father Lectures His Son" Anonymous,from clay tablets13

Science,Mathematics,and Medicine13

Art and Architecture14

THE CIVILIZATION OF THE NILE RIVER VALLEY:EGYPT17

Continuity and Change over Three Thousand Years18

A Quest for Eternal Cultural Values20

Religion20

Writing and Literature21

Science and Medicine21

SLICE OF LIFE Life's Instruction Book for Egyptians Anonymous,from A Papyrus Text22

Architecture22

Sculpture,Painting,and Minor Arts23

HEIRS TO THE MESOPOTAMIAN AND EGYPTIAN EMPIRES29

The Hittites29

The Assyrians29

The Medes30

The Persians30

THE LEGACY OF EARLY NEAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS33

KEY CULTURAL TERMS33

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING33

2 AEGEAN CIVILIZATIONSThe Minoans,the Mycenaeans,and the Gteeks of the Archaic Age35

PRELUDE:MINOAN CIVILIZATION,3000-1100 B.C.E.36

BEGINNINGS:MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION,1900-1100 B.C.E.39

Technology in Minoan Crete and Mycenae42

INTERLUDE:THE DARK AGES,1100-800 B.C.E.42

THE ARCHAIC AGE,800-479 B.C.E.42

Political,Economic,and Social Structures43

The Greek Polis:Sparta and Athens44

Technology in Archaic Greece45

The Persian Wars46

THE EMERGENCE OF GREEK GENIUS:THE MASTERY OF FORM46

Religion46

Literature48

Epic Poetry48

Lyric Poetry48

ENCOUNTER Near Eastern Art and Greek Pottery50

Philosophy,Science,and Medicine52

Natural Philosophy52

SLICE OF LIFE The Worlds of Women and Men in Ancient Greece Sappho,"He Seems to Be a God"and Alcaeus,"Longing for Home"53

Medicine54

Architecture54

Sculpture56

THE LEGACY OF ARCHAIC GREEK CIVILIZATION60

KEY CULTURAL TERMS61

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING61

3 CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILIZATIONThe Hellenic Age63

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HELLENIC CIVILIZATION63

DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS:WAR,PEACE,AND THE TRIUMPH OF MACEDONIA66

Phases of the Hellenic Age66

Technology68

Shipbuilding69

Warfare70

THE PERFECTION OF THE TRADITION:THE GLORY OF HELLENIC GREECE69

ENCOUNTER "The Representation of Blacks in Greek Art"70

Theater:Tragedy71

Features of the Tragic Theater71

Tragic Drama72

Aeschylus73

Sophocles74

Euripides74

Theater:Comedy75

Music75

History76

Philosophy,Science,and Medicine76

The Pre-Socratics77

The Sophists77

The Socratic Revolution77

Plato79

Aristotle79

Medicine80

Architecture81

Sanctuaries81

The Temple:The Perfection of the Form81

SLICE OF LIFE Xenophon,"Secrets of a Successful Marriage in Ancient Greece"Xenophon,from Oeconomicus83

Sculpture84

KEY CULTURAL TERMS90

THE LEGACY OF HELLENIC CIVILIZATION91

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING91

4 CLASSICAL GREEK CIVILIZATIONThe Hellenistic Age93

THE STAGES OF HELLENISTIC HISTORY94

The End of the Empire and the Rise of the States95

The Arrival and Triumph of Rome95

URBAN LIFE IN THE HELLENISTIC AGE95

Pergamum97

Alexandria in Egypt97

THE ELABORATION OF THE GREEK TRADITION:THE SPREAD OF CLASSICISM TO THE HELLENISTIC WORLD98

SLICE OF LIFE Street Scene in Hellenistic Egypt Theocritus,from Idylls99

Drama and Literature99

Philosophy and Religion101

Cynicism101

Skepticism102

Epicureanism102

Stoicism104

Fate and the Mystery Cults104

Science and Medicine106

Architecture106

The Corinthian Temple106

The Altar107

ENCOUNTER "The Invention of Parchment and the Birth of the Secular Library"108

Sculpture109

Late Hellenistic Style:Rhodes113

THE LEGACY OF HELLENISTIC WORLD116

KEY CULTURAL TERMS117

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING118

5 ROMAN CIVILIZATIONThe Pre-Christian Centuries119

THE COLOSSUS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD119

General Characteristics of Roman Civilization120

Technology122

Warfare122

Construction123

The Etruscan and Greek Connections123

Rome in the Age of Kings,753-509 B.C.E.123

The Roman Republic,509-31 B.C.E.124

The Early Republic,509-264 B.C.E.125

The Middle Republic,264-133 B.C.E.125

The Late Republic,133-31 B.C.E.126

Growing Autocracy:Imperial Rome,31 B.C.E.-284 C.E.126

Pax Romana,31 B.C.E.-193 C.E.127

Civil Wars,193-284 C.E.128

THE STYLE OF PRE-CHRISTIAN ROME:FROM GREEK IMITATION TO ROMAN GRANDEUR128

Roman Religion128

Language,Literature,and Drama129

The First Literary Period,250-31 B.C.E.130

The Second Literary Period:The Golden Age,31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.131

The Third Literary Period:The Silver Age,14-200 C.E.132

SLICE OF LIFE A College Student's Letter Home Marcus,Son of Cicero132

Philosophy133

Stoicism133

Neo-Platonism134

Science and Medicine134

Law135

The Visual Arts136

Architecture136

ENCOUNTER "Roman Conquests and Romance Languages"141

Sculpture144

Painting and Mosaics147

Music150

THE LEGACY OF PRE-CHRISTIAN ROME153

KEY CULTURAL TERMS153

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING153

6 JUDAISM AND THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY155

JUDAISM155

The People and Their Religion155

Egypt,Exodus,and Moses156

The Kingdom of Israel157

The Babylonian Captivity and the Postexilic Period159

The Hellenistic and Roman Periods160

Societal and Family Relationships162

SLICE OF LIFE A Jewish Eyewitness to the Destruction of the Second Temple,Flavius Josephus,from History of the Jewish War(75-59 C.E)162

The Bible162

Early Jewish Art and Architecture163

ENCOUNTER "Baal,a Rival to the Israelites'God"168

CHRISTIANITY169

The Life of Jesus Christ and the New Testament170

Christians and Jews173

Christianity and Greco-Roman Religions and Philosophies174

Christians in the Roman Empire174

SLICE OF LIFE A Christian Mother Faces Death from Roman Authorities,Vibia Perpetua,A Martyr in the Early Christian Church175

Early Christian Literature175

Early Christian Art177

THE LEGACY OF BIBLICAL JUDAISM AND EARLY CHRISTIANITY180

KEY CULTURAL TERMS181

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING181

7 THE CIVILIZATIONS OF LATE ROME,BYZANTIUM,AND THE EARLY MEDIEVAL WEST183

THE LAST DAYS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE184

Diocletian's Reforms and the Triumph of Christianity,284-395184

The Great Persecution and Christian Toleration186

Early Christian Developments187

Christian Rome and the End of the Western Empire,395-476187

THE TRANSITION FROM CLASSICAL HUMANISM TO CHRISTIAN CIVILIZATION188

Literature,Theology,and History188

The Fathers of the Church189

SLICE OF LIFE A Roman Delegate at a Barbarian Banquet,Priscus191

Church History191

The Visual Arts191

Architecture192

Sculpture194

Painting and Mosaics196

Music198

THE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE AND BYZANTINE CIVILIZATION,476-1453198

History of the Byzantine Empire199

ENCOUNTER "Ancient Globalization:Rome and the Silk Road"200

SLICE OF LIFE A Father's Advice to His Sons,Kekaumenos,from Strategikon204

Byzantine Culture:Christianity and Classicism204

The Orthodox Religion205

Science and Technology205

Law and History206

Architecture and Mosaics206

THE EARLY MEDIEVAL WEST208

The Early Middle Ages:A Romano-Germanic Christianized World208

Religion and the Arts and Humanities in the Early Middle Ages211

Christianity:Leadership and Organization211

Literature,History,and Learning212

SLICE OF LIFE Marriage Diplomacy Nets a Diplomatic Insult,Liudprand of Cremona213

Music213

Architecture215

Painting:Illuminated Manuscripts215

Technology216

Warfare216

Farming218

THE LEGACY OF LATE ROME,BYZANTIUM,AND THE EARLY MEDIEVAL WEST218

KEY CULTURAL TERMS219

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING219

8 THE WORLD OF ISLAM 630-1517221

MUHAMMAD,THE PROPHET222

IMPERIAL ISLAM225

The Post-Muhammad Years225

The Umayyad Dynasty226

The Abbasid Dynasty226

The Seljuk Turk Empire226

Imperial Decline227

ISLAM AS RELIGION227

MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC CULTURE230

Medicine230

Philosophy and History230

Philosophy231

History231

Technology231

Papermaking231

Hydraulics232

Mechanical Engineering232

Literature232

Poetry233

Prose233

ENCOUNTER "An International Community of Scholars"234

Art and Architecture234

Architecture235

Painting240

SLICE OF LIFE Fears of Assimilation in a Multicultural Society,Paul Albar240

Music242

THE LEGACY OF MEDIEVAL ISLAM243

KEY CULTURAL TERMS245

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING245

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING245

9 THE HIGH MIDDLE AGESThe Christian Centuries247

FEUDALISM248

The Feudal System and the Feudal Society248

Peasant Life248

The Rise of Towns249

The Feudal Monarchy251

The French Monarchy252

The English Monarchy253

The Holy Roman Empire253

The Papal Monarchy254

MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY AND THE CHURCH255

Christian Beliefs and Practices255

ENCOUNTER "Pagan Vikings Versus Christian Europeans"256

Religious Orders and Lay Piety257

The Crusades259

THE AGE OF SYNTHESIS:EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN THE SPIRITUAL AND THE SECULAR259

SLICE OF LIFE When Love Knows No Boundaries,Heloise,from a letter260

Theology and Learning260

Cathedral Schools and the Development of Scholasticism261

Peter Abelard261

The Rise of the Universities261

Intellectual Controversy and Thomas Aquinas262

Science and Medicine262

Science263

Medicine263

Literature264

Monastic and Feudal Writing264

Vernacular and Courtly Writing265

Dante265

Architecture and Art266

Romanesque Churches and Related Arts267

Gothic Churches and Related Arts271

Music280

Technology282

Warfare282

Waterpower and Windpower282

Farming282

THE LEGACY OF THE CHRISTIAN CENTURIES283

KEY CULTURAL TERMS283

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING283

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING283

10 THE LATE MIDDLE AGES 1300-1500285

HARD TIMES COME TO EUROPE285

Ordeal by Plague,Famine,and War287

Depopulation and Rebellion288

The Secular Monarchies288

The Papal Monarchy290

Technology290

The Rise of Industries290

The Printing Press291

THE CULTURAL FLOWERING OF THE LATE MIDDLE AGES291

Religion291

Theology and Philosophy293

The Via Antiqua Versus the Via Moderna293

Duns Scotus and William of Ockham293

SLICE OF LIFE A Gossip Columnist of the Late Middle Ages,Henry Knighton,from his Chronicle294

Science295

Literature295

ENCOUNTER A New Look at the Spread of Byzantine Scholarship in the West296

Northern Italian Literature:Petrarch and Boccaccio296

English Literature:Geoffrey Chaucer298

French Literature:Christine de Pizan298

Art and Architecture299

Late Gothic Architecture299

Late Gothic Sculpture301

Late Gothic Painting and the Rise of New Trends306

Music315

THE LEGACY OF THE LATE MIDDLE AGES318

KEY CULTURAL TERMS318

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING319

SUGGESTION FOR LISTENING319

11 THE EARLY RENAISSANCEReturn to Classical Roots 1400-1494321

THE RENAISSANCE:SCHOOLS OF INTERPRETATION321

EARLY RENAISSANCE HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS322

Italian City-States during the Early Renaissance322

Florence,the Center of the Renaissance324

The Resurgent Papacy,1450-1500326

THE SPIRIT AND STYLE OF THE EARLY RENAISSANCE326

Humanism,Scholarship,and Schooling327

SLICE OF LIFE Battle of the Sexes,Fifteenth-Century Style,Laura Cereta,from a letter328

Thought and Philosophy328

Architecture,Sculpture,and Painting329

Artistic Ideals and Innovations331

Architecture332

Sculpture333

Painting339

ENCOUNTER The Influence of Islam on the European Renaissance346

Music347

THE LEGACY OF THE EARLY RENAISSANCE349

KEY CULTURAL TERMS349

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING349

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING349

12 THE HIGH RENAISSANCE AND EARLY MANNERISM,1494-1564351

THE RISE OF THE MODERN SOVEREIGN STATE352

The Struggle for Italy,1494-1529353

Charles V and the Hapsburg Empire353

ECONOMIC EXPANSION AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS355

Demographics,Prosperity,and the Beginning of a Global World356

Technology356

Sailing356

Warfare357

Science and Medicine357

FROM HIGH RENAISSANCE TO EARLY MANNERISM358

Literature359

ENCOUNTER Portuguese Exploration Sets the Stage for a New World360

Gaspara Stampa360

Castiglione361

Machiavelli362

Painting363

Leonardo da Vinci363

Michelangelo365

Raphael369

The Venetian School:Giorgione and Titian371

The School of Parma:Parmigianino373

Sculpture374

SLICE OF LIFE Artists and Their Critics:Michelangelo'sStrategy,Giorgio Vasari,from Life of Michelangelo375

Architecture378

Music381

THE LEGACY OF THE HIGH RENAISSANCE AND EARLY MANNERISM383

KEY CULTURAL TERMS383

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING383

SUGGESTION FOR LISTENING383

13 NORTHERN HUMANISM,NORTHERN RENAISSANCE,RELIGIOUS REFORMATIONS,AND LATE MANNERISM 1500-1603385

NORTHERN HUMANISM386

THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE388

Northern Renaissance Thought and Science388

Jean Bodin388

Andreas Vesalius389

Northern Renaissance Literature390

Michel de Montaigne390

William Shakespeare390

Northern Renaissance Painting392

Albrecht Dürer392

Matthias Grünewald393

Hieronymus Bosch395

Pieter Bruegel the Elder395

THE BREAKUP OF CHRISTENDOM:CAUSES OF THE RELIGIOUS REFORMATIONS398

The Protestant Order399

Luther's Revolt399

ENCOUNTER Indigenous Peoples and New Spain400

SLICE OF LIFE The Conscience of Sixteenth-Century Christian Europe,Bartolomé de las Casas from A Short Account of theDestruction of the Indies403

The Reforms of John Calvin405

The Reform of the English Church406

The Counter-Reformation406

The Reformed Papacy407

New Monastic Orders408

The Council of Trent408

Warfare as a Response to Religious Dissent,1520-1603409

LATE MANNERISM409

Spanish Painting410

Spanish Literature412

Late Mannerist Painting in Italy:Tintoretto413

Music in Late-Sixteenth-Century Italy and England413

THE LEGACY OF NORTHERN HUMANISM,NORTHERN RENAISSANCE,RELIGIOUS REFORMATIONS,AND LATE MANNERISM416

KEY CULTURAL TERMS417

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING417

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING417

14 THE BAROQUE AGEGlamour and Grandiosity 1600-1715419

ABSOLUTISM,MONARCHY, AND THE BALANCE OF POWER420

France:The Supreme Example of Absolutism421

England:From Monarchy to Republic to Limited Monarchy422

Warfare in the Baroque Period:Maintaining the Balance of Power423

The Thirty Years'War,1618-1648423

The Wars of Louis XIV,1665-1713424

SLICE OF LIFE Two Views of Power:Master(Louis XIV) and Servant(Duke of Saint-Simon)425

Technology426

Warfare Technology426

Household Technology426

THE BAROQUE:VARIATIONS ON AN INTERNATIONAL STYLE428

The Florid Baroque428

Architecture429

ENCOUNTER "Japan Closes Its Door,Nearly"430

Sculpture432

Painting433

The Classical Baroque438

Architecture438

Painting439

The Restrained Baroque440

Painting440

Architecture446

Literature447

Baroque Literature in France448

Baroque Literature in England448

Music449

Opera449

Bach,Handel,and Vivaldi450

THE LEGACY OF THE BAROQUE AGE452

KEY CULTURAL TERMS453

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING453

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING453

15 THE BAROQUE AGE IIRevolutions in Scientific and Political Thought 1600-1715455

THEORIES OF THE UNIVERSE BEFORE THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION456

THE MAGICAL AND THE PRACTICAL IN THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION457

Astronomy and Physics:From Copernicus to Newton458

Nicolas Copernicus458

Johannes Kepler459

Galileo Galilei461

Isaac Newton461

Medicine and Chemistry462

Technology464

The Impact of Science on Philosophy464

Francis Bacon465

René Descartes465

Blaise Pascal466

Ironies and Contradictions of the Scientific Revolution466

THE REVOLUTION IN POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY467

Natural Law and Divine Right:Grotius and Bossuet467

SLICE OF LIFE Innocent or Guilty?A Seventeenth-Century Witch Trial,Suzanne Gaudry:Trial Court Records,June,1652468

Absolutism and Liberalism:Hobbes and Locke468

EUROPEAN EXPLORATION AND EXPANSION470

RESPONSES TO THE REVOLUTIONS IN THOUGHT472

The Spread of Ideas472

ENCOUNTER "The Sinews of Trade"474

Impact on the Arts476

THE LEGACY OF THE REVOLUTIONS IN SCIENTIFIC AND POLITICAL THOUGHT477

KEY CULTURAL TERMS477

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING477

16 THE AGE OF REASON 1700-1789479

THE ENLIGHTENMENT480

The Philosophes and Their Program481

Religion482

Deism482

Popular Religion483

The Encyclopédie483

The Physiocrats484

THE GREATPOWERS DURING THE AGE OF REASON485

Society:Continuity and Change485

Absolutism,Limited Monarchy,and Enlightened Despotism486

France:The Successors to the Sun King486

Great Britain and the Hanoverian Kings487

Enlightened Despotism in Central and Eastern Europe487

CULTURAL TRENDS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY:FROM ROCOCO TO NEOCLASSICAL488

The Rococo Style in the Arts489

Rococo Painting489

Rococo Interiors491

The English Response493

The Challenge of Neoclassicism494

Neoclassical Painting494

ENCOUNTER "Chinoiserie:Fantasy of the East"496

The Print498

Neoclassical Architecture500

Philosophy500

Political Philosophy501

David Hume502

Literature502

French Writers:The Development of New Forms502

Neoclassicism in English Literature503

The Rise of the Novel504

SLICE OF LIFE "How to Manipulate the System:Lady Mary Wortley Montagu,"Letter,March 25,1744505

Music505

THE LEGACY OF THE AGE OF REASON508

KEY CULTURAL TERMS509

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING509

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING509

17 REVOLUTION,REACTION,AND CULTURAL RESPONSE 1760-1830511

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION511

Industrialization in England512

Classical Economics:The Rationale for Industrialization513

SLICE OF LIFE Life Inside a "Satanic Mill" in 1815:Elizabeth Bentley,Report of Parliamentary Committee on the Bill to Regulate the Labour of Children in Mills and Factories,1832514

POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS,1760-1815515

The American Revolution515

The French Revolution516

Technology518

REACTION,1815-1830519

ENCOUNTER "Slavery and the French Revolution"520

REVOLUTIONS IN ART AND IDEAS:FROM NEOCLASSICISM TO ROMANTICISM520

Neoclassicism in Literature after 1789521

Neoclassical Painting and Architecture after 1789522

Romanticism:Its Spirit and Expression524

The Romantic Movement in Literature527

Romantic Painting528

England528

Germany530

Spain532

France534

Science and Philosophy538

Science538

Philosophy539

The Birth of Romantic Music539

THE LEGACY OF THE AGE OF REVOLUTION AND REACTION542

KEY CULTURAL TERMS542

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING542

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING543

18 THE TRIUMPH OF THE BOURGEOISIE 1830-1871545

THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SCENE:LIBERALISM AND NATIONALISM546

The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848547

European Affairs in the Grip of Realpolitik548

Limited Reform in France and Great Britain548

Wars and Unification inCentral Europe549

Civil War in the United States550

Industrialism,Technology,and Warfare551

Industrialism:The Shrinking Globe551

New Technologies552

The Spread of Industrialism553

Symbols of the Bourgeois Age:The Crystal Palace and the Suez Canal553

NINETEENTH-CENTURY THOUGHT:PHILOSOPHY,RELIGION,AND SCIENCE555

Liberalism Redefined555

Socialism555

ENCOUNTER "The Tragedy of the Cherokee Nation"556

Religion and the Challenge of Science558

CULTURAL TRENDS:FROM ROMANTICISM TO REALISM559

SLICE OF LIFE Observing Human Behavior:The Classes and the Masses,Charlotte Brontё,The First World's Fair,1851;Hippolyte Taine,A Day at the Races,28 May 1861560

Literature560

The Height of French Romanticism561

Romanticism in the English Novel562

Romanticism in American Literature563

Realism inFrench and English Novels563

The Russian Realists564

Realism among African American Writers564

Art and Architecture565

Neoclassicism and Romanticism after 1830565

The Rise of Realism in Art567

Photography572

Music573

THE LEGACY OF THE BOURGEOIS AGE576

KEY CULTURAL TERMS576

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING576

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING577

19 THE AGE OF EARLY MODERNISM,1871-1914579

EUROPE'S RISE TO WORLD LEADERSHIP579

The Second Industrial Revolution,New Technologies,and the Making of Modern Life580

Response to Industrialism:Politics and Crisis583

Domestic Policies in the Heavily Industrialized West583

SLICE OF LIFE Winning the Right to Vote:Lady Constance Lytton,Notes from a diary584

Domestic Policies in Central and Eastern Europe585

Imperialism and International Relations586

The Scramble for Colonies586

The Outbreak of World War I589

EARLY MODERNISM590

Philosophy,Psychology,and Religion590

Nietzsche590

Freud and Jung590

Religious Developments591

Literature592

Naturalistic Literature592

Decadence in Literature593

Expressionist Literature594

The Advance of Science594

The Modernist Revolution in Art596

Impressionism596

ENCOUNTER "The French Impressionists Meet Ukiyo-e Art"600

Post-Impressionism600

Fauvism,Cubism,and Expressionism605

New Directions in Sculpture and Architecture607

Music:From Impressionism to Jazz611

THE LEGACY OF EARLY MODERNISM614

KEY CULTURAL TERMS614

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING614

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING615

20 THE AGE OF THE MASSES AND THE ZENITH OF MODERNISM,1914-1945617

THE COLLAPSE OF OLD CERTAINTIES AND THE SEARCH FOR NEW VALUES618

World War I and Its Aftermath618

The Great Depression of the 1930s621

ENCOUNTER Civil Disobedience and the Campaign for Indian Independence622

The Rise of Totalitarianism624

Russian Communism624

European Fascism624

World War Ⅱ:Origins and Outcome625

THE ZENITH OF MODERNISM626

Mass Culture,Technology,and Warfare628

Mass Culture and New Technologies628

Warfare628

Experimentation in Literature629

The Novel629

Poetry630

Drama632

Philosophy,Science,and Medicine632

Philosophy632

Science634

Medicine636

SLICE OF LIFE The Face of Evil:A Nazi Death Camp,Elie Wiesel,from Night636

Art,Architecture,Photography,and Film637

Painting638

Architecture647

Photography648

Film650

Music:Atonality,Neoclassicism,and an American Idiom650

THE LEGACY OF THE AGE OF THE MASSES AND HIGH MODERNISM654

KEY CULTURAL TERMS654

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING654

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING655

21 THE AGE OF ANXIETY AND LATE MODERNISM 1945-1970657

FROM A EUROPEAN TO A WORLD CIVILIZATION657

The Era of the Superpowers,1945-1970658

Postwar Recovery and the New World Order658

The Cold War659

Emergence of the Third World661

THE END OF MODERNISM663

Philosophy and Religion664

Political and Social Movements665

Science and Technology666

SLICE OF LIFE Humans in Space:"One Giant Leap for Mankind,"Neil Armstrong and Edwin E.Aldrin,astronauts,voice transmittal from the Moon669

Medicine669

The Literature of Late Modernism:Fiction,Poetry,and Drama670

Fiction670

Poetry671

Drama671

Late Modernism and the Arts673

Painting674

Sculpture679

Architecture682

Happenings685

Late Modern Music687

ENCOUNTER "The Globalization of Popular Music"688

Film690

THE LEGACY OF THE AGE OF ANXIETY AND LATE MODERNISM692

KEY CULTURAL TERMS692

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING692

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING693

22 THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD:Globalization,Terror,and Post-Modernism 1970-695

TOWARD A NEW GLOBAL ORDER,1970-2001696

National Issues and International Realignment696

The Fall of Communism696

The Post-Cold War World698

THE AGE OF TERROR,2001-702

THE BIRTH OF POST-MODERNISM703

Medicine,Science,and Technology704

Medicine704

Science705

Technology705

Philosophy and Religion706

Philosophy706

Religion and Religious Thought707

The Literature of Post-Modernism709

Fiction709

ENCOUNTER Continental Drift:Demography and Migration710

Poetry710

Drama710

Post-Modernism and the Arts711

Painting711

Sculpture719

Installation Art721

Environmental Art722

Video Art722

Architecture722

Film727

Post-Modern Music729

Performance Art731

Mass Culture732

ASUMMING UP733

SLICE OF LIFE David Brooks,Trading Cricket for Jihad734

THE LEGACY OF THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD735

KEY CULTURAL TERMS735

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING735

SUGGESTIONS FOR LISTENING736

GLOSSARY737