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PARTⅠ Introduction1

CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Law of Torts and Historical Overview3

1.1 Definition and classification of torts4

1.2 Historical origins of the law of torts9

1.3 Interpretation and construction of legislative provisions21

1.4 Torts Reforms of 2002-0323

CHAPTER 2 Damages31

2.1 Introduction32

2.2 History of compensation in the law of torts34

2.3 Nature of compensation in the law of torts37

2.4 Classification of damages44

2.5 Special and general (compensatory) damages54

2.6 General damages54

2.7 Non-economic loss55

2.8 Damages for gratuitous services and attendant care64

CHAPTER 3 Survival Actions and Wrongful Death; Statutory Compensation Schemes81

3.1 Survival of causes of action82

3.2 Wrongful death85

3.3 Statutory compensation schemes90

PARTⅡ Intentional Torts103

CHAPTER 4 Trespass to the Person (Battery and Negligent Trespass; Assault and False Imprisonment)105

4.1 Historical origins of the tort of trespass to the person105

4.2 The tort of battery109

4.3 Negligent trespass114

4.4 The tort of assault116

4.5 The tort of false imprisonment121

CHAPTER 5 Trespass to Land130

5.1 Trespass to land: history and rationale130

5.2 Elements of the tort of trespass to land134

5.3 Trespass beneath and above the surface of the land138

5.4 Damages140

5.5 Limitations of the tort of trespass to land142

5.6 Tort of trespass to land and the right to privacy143

CHAPTER 6 Miscellaneous Intentional Torts of Action on the Case for Personal Injury147

6.1 Origins of action on the Case148

6.2 Action on the 0ase for intentional infliction of physical harm149

6.3 Cause of action for intentional infliction of nervous shock150

6.4 Malicious prosecution156

6.5 Tort of collateral abuse of process162

6.6 Misfeasance in public office167

6.7 Tort of breach of confidence and misuse of private information175

CHAPTER 7 Deceit and Injurious Falsehood184

7.1 Introduction184

7.2 Deceit186

7.3 Injurious falsehood194

CHAPTER 8 Torts of Intentional Interference with Goods/Personal Property202

8.1 Introduction203

8.2 Trespass to goods (chattels)206

8.3 Detinue212

8.4 Conversion215

8.5 Special action on the Case for intentional damage to goods235

8.6 'Spoliation': intentional or negligent destruction of evidence236

CHAPTER 9 Defences to Intentional Torts239

9.1 Introduction239

9.2 The concept of fault in intentional torts239

9.3 Consent in intentional torts241

9.4 Statutory defences of legal authority258

9.5 Defencesto battery261

9.6 Defencesto false imprisonment265

9.7 Exceptions and defences to trespass to land267

9.8 Defence of insanity271

9.9 Defence of limitation of actions272

9.10 Mistake274

PART Ⅲ The Tort of Negligence277

CHAPTER 10 Negligence: Duty of Care285

10.1 Introduction286

10.2 Special kinds of duties and liabilities303

CHAPTER 11 Breach of Duty of Care320

11.1 Introduction321

11.2 Factors that the court must consider when determining the reasonable person's response to the risk330

11.3 Aspects of statutory provisions relevant to the determination of the breach of duty of care354

11.4 Specific standards370

11.5 The nature of inference in law399

CHAPTER 12 Causation and Proof of Breach403

12.1 Introduction404

12.2 Statutory definition of legal causation415

12.3 Multifactorial causality at common law431

12.4 Attributing legal liability in cases of failure to advise of a risk of death or injury451

12.5 Other aspects of causation462

CHAPTER 13 Remoteness of Damage478

13.1 Introduction478

13.2 The meaning of'reasonable foreseeability'479

13.3 The concept and nature of remoteness of damage481

13.4 The test for remoteness of damage484

PART Ⅳ　Particular Categones of Case491

CHAPTER 14 Pure Nonfeasance (Pure Omissions)499

14.1 Historical introduction: acts and pure omissions499

14.2 Pure nonfeasance and the common law500

14.3 Liability of public authorities for omissions at common law504

14.4 Liability of highway authorities518

14.5 Entities vested with regulation making power520

CHAPTER 15 Mental Harm: Liability for Negligently Occasioned Pure Psychiatric Injury522

15.1 Conceptual underpinnings523

15.2 The nature of the damage: recognised psychiatric illness527

15.3 Consequential nature of the injury529

15.4 Evolution of liability for negligently occasioned pure psychiatric injury530

15.5 Elements of action for negligently occasioned pure psychiatric injury at common law539

15.6 Codification of the law of psychiatric injury (mental harm) in Australia547

CHAPTER 16 Pure Economic Loss562

16.1 Negligently occasioned pure economic loss563

16.2 Negligent misstatement575

16.3 Causation and the doctrine of vulnerability589

16.4 Remoteness of damage591

PART Ⅴ　Defences to Negligence595

CHAPTER 17 Defences to Negligence597

17.1 Introduction597

17.2 Historical background599

17.3 Contributory negligence602

17.4 Assessment of damages626

17.5 Voluntary assumption of risk628

17.6 Defence of joint illegal enterprise and the nature of illegality644

PART Ⅵ　？Torts651

CHAPTER 18 Public and Private Nuisance653

18.1 Introduction654

18.2 Legal species of nuisance655

18.3 Tort of private nuisance666

18.4 Interference with the use and enjoyment of property rights669

18.5 Activities that offend sensibilities of neighbouring occupiers677

18.6 Titleto sue681

18.7 Who may be sued?682

18.8 Remedies686

18.9 Defences688

CHAPTER 19 Breach of Statutory Duty692

19.1 Historical introduction693

19.2 Nature of private action for breach of statutory duty694

19.3 Elements of the action for breach of the statutory duty699

19.4 Defences708

CHAPTER 20 Vicarious Liability and Non-delegable Duty of Care: Types of Liability712

20.1 Introduction713

20.2 Vicarious liability714

20.3 Non-delegable dutyofcare730

20.4 Non-delegable duty of care and vicarious liability740

20.5 Solidaryand proportionate liability745

PART Ⅶ Defamation757

CHAPTER 21 Establishing Defamation759

21.1 Introduction760

21.2 Libel and slander763

21.3 Cause of action for publication of defamatory matter764

21.4 Elements of the cause of action768

21.5 Element 1: The matter conveys a defamatory imputation or imputations768

21.6 Element 2: The matter identifies, or is capable of identifying, the plaintiff as the person defamed781

21.7 Element 3: The matter has been published by the defendant to at least one person other than the plaintiff784

21.8 Procedural matters788

CHAPTER 22 Defences and Remedies in Defamation Law791

22.1 Introduction to defences792

22.2 Justification792

22.3 Honest opinion798

22.4 Absolute privilege805

22.5 Public documents807

22.6 Reports of proceedings of public concern809

22.7 Common law qualified privilege811

22.8 Statutory qualified privilege824

22.9 Triviality828

22.10 The effect of an apology on liability829

22.11 Remedies829

22.12 Limitation periods832

22.13 Offers to make amends833

Index835