英语的衔接2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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1 Introduction1

1.1 The concept of cohesion1

1.1.1 Text1

1.1.2 Texture2

1.1.3 Ties3

1.1.4 Cohesion4

1.2 Cohesion and linguistic structure6

1.2.1 Texture and structure6

1.2.2 Cohesion within the sentence ?7

1.2.3 Cohesion and discourse structure10

1.2.4 Cohesion as a semantic relation11

1.3 Cohesion and linguistic context14

1.3.1 The domain of cohesive relations14

1.3.2 Text and situation19

1.3.3 Components of the context of situation, and register21

1.3.4 The place of cohesion in the linguistic system26

1.3.5 The meaning of cohesion28

2 Reference31

2.1 Endophoric and exophoric reference31

2.2 Types of reference37

2.3 Personal reference43

2.3.1 Semantic distinctions in the personal system45

2.3.2 Speech roles and other roles48

2.3.3 Some special kinds of personal reference52

2.3.3.1 Extended reference, and text reference52

2.3.3.2 Generalized exophoric reference53

2.3.4 Personal pronouns, possessive determiners and possessive pro-nouns54

2.3.5 Cataphoric reference56

2.4 Demonstrative reference57

2.4.1 The selective nominal demonstratives: this, these, that, those59

2.4.1.1 Near and not near: this/these versus that/those 6o59

2.4.1.2 Singular and plural: this/thot versus these/those62

2.4.1.3 Head and modifier: this, etc, as pronoun versus this, etc, plus following noun62

2.4.1.4 Extended reference and reference to‘fact’: this and that66

2 .4.1.5 Anaphoric and cataphoric demonstratives68

2.4.2 The 7o68

2.4.3 Demonstrative adverbs74

2.4.4 A final note on demonstratives75

2.5 Comparative reference76

2.5.1 General comparison77

2.5.2 Particular comparison 8o77

2.5.3 A note on so, such and as84

3 Substitution88

3.1 Substitution and ellipsis88

3.1.1 Substitute and reference88

3.1.2 Types of substitution 9o88

3.2 Nominal substitution91

3.2.1 The meaning of substitute one/ones92

3.2.2 Conditions of use of the nominal substitute95

3.2.3 The word one other than as substitute98

3.2.3.1 Personal pronoun one98

3.2.3.2 Cardinal numeral one98

3.2.3.3 Indefinite article one100

3.2.3.4 ‘Pro-noun’ one102

3.2.4 Summary of uses of one104

3.2.5 Nominal substitute same105

3.2.5.1 say the same107

3.2.5.2 do the same108

3.2.5.3 be the same109

3.2.6 Difference between the same and one(s) as nominal substitutes110

3.3 Verbal substitution112

3.3.1 The meaning of the verbal substitute do113

3.3.2 Conditions of use of the verbal substitute117

3.3.3 The word do other than as substitute123

3.3.3.1 Lexical verb do124

3.3.3.2 General verb do124

3.3.3.3 Pro-verb do125

3.3.3.4 Verbal operator do127

3.3.4 Summary of uses of do128

3.4 Clausal substitution130

3.4.1 Difference between clausal and other types of substitution130

3.4.1.1 Substitution of reported chuses131

3.4.1.2 Substitution of conditional clauses134

3.4.1.3 Substitution of modalized clauses134

3.4.2 Similarity among the types of clausal substitution135

3.4.3 Some related patterns137

3.4.3.1 Response forms137

3.4.3.2 Other uses of so and not138

3.4.4 Summary of uses of so139

4 Ellipsis142

4.1 Ellipsis, substitution and reference142

4.2 Nominal ellipsis147

4.2.1 Ellipsis within the nominal group147

4.2.2 Presupposition of nominal elements150

4.2.3 Types of nominal ellipsis153

4.2.3.1 Specific deictics155

4.2.3.2 Non-specific deictics157

4.2.3.3 Post-deictics159

4.2.3.4 Numeratives161

4.2.3.5 Epithets163

4.3 Verbal ellipsis167

4.3.1 Ellipsis within the verbal group167

4.3.2 Lexical ellipsis170

4.3.3 Operator ellipsis174

4.3.4 Presupposition of verbal group systems176

4.3.4.1 Polarity176

4.3.4.2 Finiteness and modality180

4.3.4.3 Voice182

4.3.4.4 Tense186

4.3.5 Summary of verbal ellipsis192

4.3.6 Verbal ellipsis and the clause194

4.4 Clausal ellipsis196

4.4.1 Modal and propositional196

4.4.2 No ellipsis of single elements202

4.4.3 Ellipsis in question-answer and other rejoinder sequences206

4.4.3.1 Direct responses (1): yes/no questions208

4.4.3.2 Direct responses (2): WH-questions210

4.4.3.3 Indirect responses212

4.4.3.4 A note on zeugma214

4.4.3.5 Other rejoinders214

4.4.4 Ellipsis in‘ reporting-reported’ sequences217

4.4.4.1 Indirect WH-questions217

4.4.4.2 Indirect yes/no questions218

4.4.4.3 Indirect statements219

4.4.4.4 Ambiguity between indirect statements and indirect questions220

4.4.4.5 Reports and facts in relation to clausal ellipsis221

4.4.5 Clausal ellipsis and clause complexes222

5 Conjunction226

5.1 Conjunction and other cohesive relations226

5.1.1 Structural equivalents of conjunctive relations227

5.1.2 Types of conjunctive expression230

5.2 Some common conjunctive elements233

5.2.1 The ‘and’ relation233

5.2.2 Coordinate and and conjunctive and235

5.2.3 Other conjunctive elements: but, yet, so, and then237

5.3 Types of conjunction238

5.4 Additive244

5.5 Adversative250

5.6 Causal256

5.7 Temporal261

5.8 Other conjunctive items (continuatives)267

5.8.1 now268

5.8.2 of course269

5.8.3 well269

5.8.4 anyway270

5.8.5 surely270

5.8.6 after all270

5.9 The clhesive function of intonation271

6 Lexical cohesion274

6.1 The class of‘general nouns’274

6.2 Types of reiteration277

6.3 Lexical relations as cohesive patterns282

6.4 Collocation284

6.5 The general concept of lexical cohesion288

7 The meaning of cohesion293

7.1 Text293

7.1.1 Length of text294

7.1.2 Definitiveness of the concept of text294

7.1.3 Tight and loose texture295

7.1.4 Imaginary texture297

7.2 The general meaning of cohesion298

7.3 The meaning of the different kinds of cohesion303

7.3.1 General principles behind the different types304

7.3.2 Reference308

7.3.3 Substitution and ellipsis314

7.3.4 Lexical cohesion: reiteration and collocation318

7.3.5 Conjunction320

7.3.6 Summary322

7.4 Cohesion and the text324

7.4.1 Texture within the sentence■325

7.4.2 The texturee of discourse326

7.4.3 Thee role of linguistic analysis327

8 The analysis of cohesion329

8.1 General principles329

8.2 Summary of cohesion, and coding scheme333

8.3 Sample texts340

Bibliography357

Index367

文库索引375