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Section Ⅰ DEATH SCENE INVESTIGATION3

1 Initial Response3

Notification3

Scene Coordination3

Arrival at Scene4

Immediate Actions4

Emergency Medical Services (EMS)4

Law Enforcement First Responders5

Legal Authority5

Identifying Scope of Scene5

Identifying Ancillary Scenes5

Administrative Scene Controls6

Major Scene Considerations6

Media Area7

Command Briefings7

2 Scene Evaluation, Analysis, Strategy, and Direction9

Death Scene Response9

Initial Information9

Arrival at Scene9

Scene Evaluation9

Initial Walk-Through9

Preliminary Examination of Deceased10

Movement to Body: Point-to-Point Search10

Determine Death10

Presumptive Determination of Death10

Victim Alive, Expected to Die10

Preserving Perishable Evidence on Clothing or Body10

Postmortem Indicators11

Pronouncement of Death11

EMS11

Medical Doctor11

Justice of the Peace11

Coroner11

Identify, Secure, and Preserve Primary Scene11

Identify, Secure, and Preserve Secondary Scenes12

The Body: Primary and Secondary Scenes12

Preserve Perishable Evidence12

Note Scene Indicators13

Documentation of Injury13

Documentation of Postmortem Indicators13

Investigative Plan and Scene Strategy13

Scene Considerations14

Order of Processing14

Investigative Plan14

Determine Investigative Direction15

3 Natural Deaths17

Definition of Natural Death17

Legal Considerations17

Death Scene Interviews18

First Responders18

Family Members18

Decedent's Physician18

Scene Considerations19

Recovery of Human Remains19

Initial Approach and Contact with Body19

Initial Approach19

Preliminary Determination of Death20

Documentation, Preservation, and/or Collection of Perishable Evidence20

Post Mortem Indicators20

Death Scene Processing21

Take Control of Scene21

Conduct Initial Scene Walk-Through22

Legal Determination of Death22

Plan Development22

Conduct Team Briefing22

Scene Processing23

Documenting Scene Indicators24

Identifying Secondary Death Scenes24

Processing Body24

Photographing Body24

Sketching Body25

Documenting with Notes25

Examination of Body25

Outdoor Death Scenes26

Common Indicators of Natural Death26

Related Searches26

4 Accidental Deaths27

Definition of Accidental Death27

Legal Considerations27

Death Scene Interviews28

First Responders28

Witnesses28

Gunshot Residue (GSR) Examination and Collection28

Scene Considerations29

Recovery of Human Remains29

Initial Approach and Contact with Body29

Initial Approach29

Preliminary Determination of Death30

Documentation, Preservation, and/or Collection of Perishable Evidence30

Post Mortem Indicators30

Death Scene Processing31

Take Control of Scene31

Conduct Initial Scene Walk-Through31

Legal Determination of Death32

Plan Development32

Conduct Team Briefing32

Scene Processing32

Documenting Scene Indicators33

Identifying Secondary Death Scenes34

Processing Body34

Photographing Body34

Sketching Body35

Documenting with Notes35

Examination of Body35

Outdoor Death Scenes36

Evidence Commonly Associated with Accidental Deaths36

Related Searches36

5 Suicidal Deaths37

Definition of Suicide37

Legal Considerations37

Death Scene Interviews38

First Responders38

Gunshot Residue (GSR) Examination and Collection38

Scene Considerations38

Recovery of Remains39

Initial Approach and Contact with Body39

Initial Approach39

Preliminary Determination of Death39

Documentation, Preservation, and/or Collection of Perishable Evidence39

Post Mortem Indicators40

Death Scene Processing41

Take Control of Scene41

Conduct Initial Scene Walk-Through41

Legal Determination of Death41

Plan Development41

Conduct Team Briefing42

Scene Processing42

Documenting Scene Indicators43

Identifying Secondary Death Scenes43

Processing Body43

Photographing Body44

Sketching Body44

Documenting with Notes44

Examination of Body45

Outdoor Death Scenes46

Evidence Commonly Associated with Suicides46

Related Searches46

6 Homicidal Deaths47

Definition of Homicide47

Legal Considerations47

Death Scene Interviews48

First Responders48

Witnesses48

Gunshot Residue (GSR) Examination and Collection49

Scene Considerations49

Recovery of Human Remains49

Initial Approach and Contact with Body50

Initial Approach50

Preliminary Determination of Death50

Documentation, Preservation, and/or Collection of Perishable Evidence50

Post Mortem Indicators50

Death Scene Processing51

Identifying Primary and Secondary Death Scenes51

Primary Scene51

Secondary Scenes52

Take Control of Scene52

Conduct Initial Scene Walk-Through52

Legal Determination of Death52

Plan Development52

Conduct Team Briefing53

Scene Processing53

Document Scene Indicators54

Processing Body54

Photographing Body55

Sketching Body56

Documenting with Notes56

Examination of Body57

Outdoor Death Scenes58

Evidence Commonly Associated with Homicidal Deaths58

Related Searches58

7 The Role of Medical Examiner59

Establishing Cause of Death60

Establishing Manner of Death60

Death Scene60

Scene Considerations60

On-Scene Body Processing Procedures61

Circumstances Requiring Autopsy61

Procedures in Lieu of Autopsy62

Reports and Reporting63

Outbrief63

Preliminary Autopsy Report63

Toxicology Report63

Final Autopsy Report63

8 Autopsy Protocol and Investigator's Role65

Circumstances Requiring Autopsy65

Procedures in Lieu of Autopsy66

Investigator's Responsibilities at Autopsy66

Equipment Required66

Arrival66

External Examination67

Internal Examination68

After Examination68

Autopsy Photography Guidelines68

General68

ME Photographer69

Investigator69

Required Photographs and Documentation69

Injury Mapping70

Internal Examination Photographs72

Evidence Photographs72

Custody of Evidence from Autopsy72

Outbrief with Medical Examiner73

Section Ⅱ RECOVERY OF REMAINS73

9 Searching for Human Remains77

General Search Guidelines77

Specific Search Guidelines77

Point-to-Point Search77

Line Search79

Grid Search79

Spiral Search80

10 Surface Recovery of Human Remains81

General81

Locating Remains81

Visual Techniques81

Cadaver Dogs82

Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) and Thermal Tomography82

NecroSearch International82

Body Processing82

Scene Processing83

Establishing Datum83

Establishing Grid83

Surface Documentation and Recovery of Evidence86

Recovery of Remains86

Sifting Soil87

Scientific Assistance87

11 Recovery of Buried Human Remains89

General Principles89

Locating Remains89

Visual Methods89

Expedient Grave Indicators89

Shallow Grave Indicators90

Buried Remains Indicators90

Probing Method90

Cadaver Dogs91

Technological Methods91

NecroSearch International92

Processing Scene93

Surface Documentation and Recovery of Evidence93

Surface Preparation93

Establishing Datum93

Establishing Grid93

Preparing Sifting Site96

Excavating Grave96

Sifting Soil99

Impression Evidence99

Soil Evidence99

12 Aquatic Recovery of Human Remains101

General Principles101

Locating Remains101

Surface Search101

Aerial Search102

Underwater Search102

Drift103

Computer Simulation Modeling103

Cadaver Dogs103

Technological Search104

Trained Volunteer Teams105

Processing Scene106

Processing Body106

Documenting Recovery106

Remains Recovered from Predator107

13 Estimating Postmortem Interval109

Determining Time Range109

Immediate Postmortem Changes109

Early Postmortem Changes109

Postmortem Lividity (Livor Mortis)109

Postmortem Rigidity (Rigor Mortis)110

Postmortem Cooling (Algor Mortis)110

Factors Affecting Rate of Temperature Change111

Late Postmortem Changes111

Decomposition111

Adipocere Development111

Mummification111

Skeletonization112

Other Postmortem Factors112

Section Ⅲ WOUND DYNAMICS AND MECHANISMSOF INJURY112

14 Asphyxiation115

Strangulation115

Manual Strangulation (Throttling)115

General115

Scene115

Body116

Ligature Strangulation (Garroting)116

General117

Scene117

Body117

Hanging118

General118

Scene118

Body119

Autoerotic Asphyxiation120

General120

Scene120

Body121

Choking121

General121

Scene121

Body121

Smothering121

General122

Scene122

Body122

Mechanical Asphyxia123

General123

Scene123

Body123

Chemical Asphyxia124

General124

Scene124

Helium or Nitrogen Scene (Exit Bag or Exit Hood124

Carbon Monoxide Scene: Heater125

Carbon Monoxide Scene: Vehicle125

Body126

Drowning126

General126

Scene126

Body127

15 Sharp Force Injuries129

General129

Scene129

Body129

16 Blunt Force Injuries133

General133

Scene133

Body133

17 Chopping Injuries135

General135

Scene135

Body135

18 Firearms: Handgun and Rifle Wounds137

Gunshot Wounds137

Entrance and Exit Wounds137

Entrance Wounds137

Exit Wounds137

Effects of Distance on Gunshot Wounds138

Contact Gunshot Wounds138

Hard Contact Wounds138

Loose Contact Wounds139

Angled Contact Wounds139

Incomplete Contact Wounds141

Near Contact Wounds141

Intermediate Range Wounds142

Distant Wounds143

Rifle Wounds143

19 Firearms: Shotgun Wounds145

Shotgun Wounds145

Exit Wounds145

Shotcup and Wadding145

Effects of Distance on Wounds145

Contact Wounds145

Stellate Wounds147

Hard Contact Head Wounds147

Intra-Oral Wounds147

Wounds to Trunk147

Near Contact Wounds147

Close and Intermediate Range Wounds147

Long Range Wounds149

20 Explosive Injuries151

General Considerations151

Scene151

Body152

Mechanisms of Blast Injuries152

Primary152

Secondary152

Tertiary153

Quaternary153

Cautions153

21 Thermal Injuries155

General Considerations155

Scene155

Body156

First Degree Burns156

Second Degree Burns156

Third Degree Burns157

Fourth Degree burns157

Deaths from Fire-Related Injuries157

22 Electrical Injuries159

Scene159

Body159

Section Ⅳ SPECIAL DEATH SCENE INVESTIGATIONS159

23 Infant Deaths163

Violent Death163

Asphyxial163

Asphyxial by Entrapment (Rollover)163

Shaken Baby Syndrome and Shaken Baby with Impact Syndrome164

Medical Findings164

Failure to Thrive165

Organic Causes165

Neglect165

Sudden Unexplained Infant Death (SUID)166

Victim166

Scene167

Dietary History168

Medical History169

Mother's Pregnancy History170

24 Child and Infant Deaths: Physical Abuseand Neglect171

Scene171

Weapon or Item Used to Inflict Injury171

Burns, Scalds, Immersion Burns171

Falling Injuries and Staged Accidents172

Neglect172

Body173

Skeletal System Injuries173

Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Injuries173

Immersion, Contact, and Cigarette Burns174

Head and Central Nervous System Injuries175

Chest and Abdominal Injuries176

Autopsy176

Additional Questions for Medical Examiner177

Medical Records Review177

25 Child Deaths: Sexual Abduction and Murder179

Abduction179

Missing Child Report179

Scene180

Sexual Assault180

Searches Related to Pedophile180

Murder182

Body Recovery183

Evidence on Body183

Examination of Suspect184

26 Sexual Activities Resulting in Death185

Natural Death during Coitus185

Body185

Scene185

Accidental Death during Autoerotic Asphyxia185

Body186

Scene186

Homicide: Sexual Asphyxia by Partner186

Face Sitting and Breath Control186

Body186

Scene187

Body187

Scene187

27 Sexual Assaults Resulting in Death189

Examination of Victim189

Sexual Assault Evidence189

Physical Assault Evidence190

Examination of Suspect190

Examination of Intimate Partner191

Scene Considerations191

28 Death Scenes with Multiple Victims193

Multiple Victims at a Single Location193

Spree Killings193

Mass Murders194

Section Ⅴ DEATH SCENE MANAGEMENT, TASKS,AND RESPONSIBILITIES194

29 Death Scene Management197

Arrival and Initial Organization197

Strategy and Direction197

Available Personnel198

Scene Documentation and Processing198

Command Function198

Scene Completion and Post-Scene Activities199

30 Death Scene Sketching201

Sketch Components201

Depictions201

Sketch Types203

Scene Measurements204

Methods of Measuring207

Evidence Identification210

31 Death Scene Photography and Videography211

Photography211

Set-Up211

Technique211

General Guidelines212

Flash Use213

Filter Use214

Scene Photography214

Overlapping Method214

Progressive Method214

Photographing Evidence214

Photographic Perspectives215

Videography217

Set-Up217

Technique217

Videography Subjects217

32 Death Scene Notes and Observations219

Scene Observation219

Indoor Scene Observations219

Doors219

Windows220

Kitchen and Dining Room220

Environmental Controls220

Laundry and Utility Areas220

Lighting220

Telephones and Mobile Phones220

Mail220

Wastebaskets and Ashtrays221

Bath and Toilet Areas221

Calendars and Planners221

Computers and Internet221

Body221

Clothing221

Postmortem Indicators221

Identification of Decedent222

Wounds and Injuries222

Outdoor Scene Observations222

Environmental Conditions222

Immediate Area of Death Scene222

Extended Area of Death Scene222

33 Death Scene Search Procedures223

General Search Guidelines223

Confined Area Searches223

Point-to-Point Search223

Clockwise and Counterclockwise Search224

High and Low Search224

Sector or Zone Search224

Open Area Search225

Line Search226

Grid Search226

Spiral Search226

Specific Search Guidelines228

Body Search228

Vehicle Search229

Exterior229

Interior229

Trunk229

Engine Compartment229

Computer Search230

Seizure230

Analysis230

Section Ⅵ DEATH SCENE EVIDENCE PROCESSING233

34 Documenting and Processing Bloodstain Patterns233

Detection233

Visual Method233

Alternate Light Source (ALS) Method234

Infrared (IR) Method234

Chemical Enhancement Method235

Luminol235

BlueStar236

Fluorescein236

Isolation and Identification of Discrete Patterns236

Spatter236

Linear Spatter236

Non-Linear Spatter237

Non-Spatter237

Documentation238

Mapping238

Clothing240

Mapping Large Area Patterns240

Photography241

Sketching241

Sampling and Collection241

35 Documenting Shooting Scenes243

Recovery of Firearm Evidence from Scene243

Weapon243

Safety: Paramount Concern243

Firearm Documentation243

Ensuring Weapon Safety244

Processing Weapon at Scene244

Collection and Packaging of Firearm244

Recovery of Firearm from Water244

Recovery of Casings, Cartridges, and Bullets245

Collection and Packaging of Bullets and Cartridges245

Additional Analyses245

Documenting Bullet Defects245

Chemical Testing for Bullet Defects247

Copper247

Lead247

Recovery of Firearm Evidence from Body and clothing248

Detection of Gunpowder Patterns248

Visual248

Infrared (IR)248

Collection and Packaging of Clothing249

Documentation and Collection of Gunshot Residue (GSR)250

Gunshot Wounds of Suicide250

Scene250

Body251

Mechanisms of Injury251

Wound Dynamics251

36 Entomological Evidence253

Adult and Flying Insects253

Collection of Crawling Insects253

Collection of Maggots, Pupae, and other Immature InsectForms253

Collection of Insects in Soil254

Documentation254

37 Biological Evidence255

Touch DNA Analysis255

Detection255

Preservation and Collection255

Biological Fluids and Stains256

Detection256

Scene Analysis256

Collection of Biological Stains256

General257

Dry Stains257

Wet Stains258

Liquid Stains258

Packaging258

38 Trace Evidence at the Scene261

General Processing Guidelines261

Detection261

Collection261

Packaging262

Hairs262

Fibers263

Paint263

Collection263

Control Samples263

Known Samples263

Packaging264

Glass264

Collection264

Packaging264

Building Materials265

Collection265

Soil265

Collection265

Known Sample265

Alibi Sample266

Packaging266

Trace Metals266

Collection266

Hazardous Materials267

39 Friction Ridge Evidence at the Scene269

Prints on Body269

Patent Prints (Visible)269

Latent Prints270

Detection270

Transfer Lift Method (Figure 39.1)270

Prints at Scene271

General271

Detecting Prints272

Oblique Lighting272

Reflected Ultraviolet Imaging System (RUVIS)272

Alternate Light Sources272

Photography of Prints272

Prints on Non-Porous Surfaces273

Superglue (Cyanoacrylate) Fuming274

Prints on Porous Surfaces274

Chemical Development of Latent Prints275

Latent Prints on Non-Porous Surfaces275

Packaging Latent Print Evidence275

Non-Porous275

Porous276

40 Impression Evidence277

Toolmarks and Bites277

General277

Detection277

Photography277

Processing and Casting Toolmarks278

Bite Marks: Special Considerations278

Footwear and Tire (Three-Dimensional) Impression Evidence279

General279

Detection280

Photography280

Processing and Casting280

Impressions in Snow281

Tire Marks: Special Considerations281

Packaging282

Footwear and Tire (Two-Dimensional) Impression Evidence282

Photography282

Detection282

Processing283

Electrostatic Dust Print Lifter283

Stati-Lift?284

Gel Lift284

Tape Lift284

Moist Impression285

Processing: Wet285

Processing: Dry285

Packaging285

Appendix A: Universal Precautions for Blood Borne Pathogens287

Appendix B: Death Scene Notes291

Appendix C: Death Scene Notes: Supplemental293

Appendix D: Biological Evidence Notes295

Appendix E: Friction Ridge Evidence297

Appendix F: Impression Evidence Notes299

Appendix G: Trace Evidence Notes301

Appendix H: Death Scene Entry log303

Appendix I: Photographic Log305

Appendix J: Photographic Head Slate307

Appendix K: Immersion Burn Worksheet309

Appendix L: SUID Scene Worksheet311

Appendix M: Firearms Documentation worksheet319

Appendix N: Post Blast Worksheet321

Appendix O: Druggist Fold323

Appendix P: Post Mortem Indicators Worksheet325

Index327