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Part One Sentence Structure in Composition 第一部 在炼意中炼句1

Unit 1．Statement of Thought and the Sentence in Composition 思想表达和句子1

1.1 Structuring Ideas through the Manipulation of Sentence Structure in Composition1

1.2 A Fundamental Truth about Prose2

1）Syntactical Effect3

2）Contextual Effect4

Unit 2．Emphatic Positions in Sentence 句子的强调位置7

2.1 Exploiting the Natural Positions7

1）The Beginning7

2）The End9

2.2　Exploiting the Unnatural Emphatic Positions13

1）Using Special Sentence Patterns13

2）Using Mechanical Devices14

Unit 3．Subordination 从属关系17

3.1　The Main Statement and the Contributing Ideas17

3.2 Syntactical Effect18

1）Adverbial Clause18

2）Adjective Clause19

3）Noun Clause20

3.3　Faulty Subordination22

Unit 4．Participles 分词29

4.1　Usage29

4.2　Positions31

1）Front,Middle and End Position in General31

2）Logical Sequence32

3）Cause and Effect32

4）Supporting Details32

4.3　Incorrect Reference33

Unit 5．Appositives and Noun Cluster 同位语与名词组合结构38

5.1 What is an Appositive38

5.2 Usage39

1）Emphasis39

2）Variety40

3）Brevity43

4）Precision43

5）Details44

5.3　Words or Phrases of the Same Syntactic Class45

5.4　Indicators of Appositives46

5.5 Noun Cluster46

Unit 6．Prepositional Phrases 由介词短语构成的从属关系50

6.1 Usage50

6.2 Positions52

Unit 7 Absolutes 独立结构62

7.1 Definition and Uses of the Nominative Absolute62

7.2　Positions of Absolute64

7.3 The Making of the Nominative Absolute66

7.4 Where Is the Main Clause?69

Unit 8．Special Coordination 特殊并列结构75

8.1 The Usage of Special Coordination75

1）Force and Clarity75

2）Variety and Brevity76

3）Harmony and Rhythm77

4）Climax77

8.2 Three Kinds of Special Coordination78

1）Parallelism78

2）Balance or Antithesis82

3）Correlation83

8.3 Analysis of a Paragraph84

8.4 Faulty Parallelism86

Unit 9．Run-on Sentences 连续句90

9.1 Legitimate Run-On Sentences90

9.2 Illegitimate Run-On Sentences91

9.3 Why Does the Student—Especially the Chinese Student—Make Such Kind of Mistakes?91

9.4　Revision96

Unit 10．Loose,Periodic and Balanced Sentences 松散句，紧凑句和平衡句99

10.1 The General Classification of English Sentences99

10.2 The Use of the Loose and the Periodic Sentence101

10.3 The Mixed Loose,Periodic and Balanced Sentences101

Unit 11．The Long Sentence and The Short Sentences 长、短句104

11.1 The Distinctive Uses of Long and Short Sentences104

11.2 A Succession of Short Sentences106

11.3 The Short Sentence107

11.4 The Long Sentence109

11.5 Avoid Excessive and Overlapping Long Sentences114

Unit 12．Transitions 衔接转换语123

12.1 What Is a Transition?123

12.2 Do You Need a Transition?125

12.3 The Two Kinds of Transitions in General127

Unit 13．The Sentence Fragment and Rhetorical Questios 不完整句与修辞问句138

13.1 Sentence Fragment138

13.2 The Rhetorical Questions（修辞问句）140

Unit 14．Economy 简洁142

14.1 A Fundamental Truth142

14.2 Sentence Embeded in Sentence142

14.3 Elimination144

Unit 15．Imagery 意象148

15.1 How Does Imagery Work?148

15.2 Why Does Imagery Work?152

Unit 16．Liveliness 生动158

16.1 Introduction158

16.2 Two Types of Description158

Unit 17．Unity,Coherence,Variety and Emphasis 统一、连贯、变化与强调163

17.1 Introduction163

17.2　The Fundamental Requirements of Sentence and Composition Building163

17.3　General Principles of Arrangement of Sentence Structure166

Unit 18．Denotation and Connotation 外延与内涵170

18.1 Two Ways of Using the Language170

18.2 How to Determine Whether the Language is Denotative or Connotative?170

18.3 Which Kind of Language Suits Better to Description?172

Unit 19．Style—Formal and Informal 文体——正式、非正式176

19.1　Introduction176

19.2 Why Is It Necessary to Know the Appropriate Use of Vocabulary and Language?176

19.3 The Stylistic Divisions in General177

19.4 Avoidance in Academic Written English177

19.5 Mixed General and Informal182

19.6 Mixed General and Colloquial(sentence structure,diction and tone)183

19.7 Inappropriate Mix(formal and colloquial)184

19.8 Two Broad Categories of English185

Part Two Summing Up 第二部 在炼意（谋篇）中炼词、炼句189

Unit 1．Sentence Combining and Rearranging 句子合并与重组189

Unit 2．Paragraph Writing 段落写作195

2.1 Paragraph Development by Definition,Induction and Generalization195

2.2 Paragraph Development by Comparison,Definition,Restatement and Example196

2.3 Development by Contrast and Restatement198

2.4 Development by Restatement,Cause and Effect200

2.5 Development by Comparison and Contrast,Example and Restatement201

2.6 Development by Example202

2.7 Development by Various Means—Example,Restatement and Generalization202

2.8 Development by Listing203

2.9 Development by Time and Space204

Unit 3．Precis and Summary Writing 缩写与摘要208

Unit 4．Report Writing 报导220

4.1 Informative Reports220

4.2 Persuasive Reports224

Unit 5．Paraphrase 释义225

Unit 6．Review 书评229

Unit 7．Miscellaneous 其它240

7.1 A Page of Diary240

7.2 Introducing a Speaker240

7.3 Say a few words after the contest for"Ten Star Singers in English Songs"241

7.4 Why Do You Study English?241

7.5 Deny!Why!241

Key To Exercises 练习答案249

Bibliography 参考书311