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INTRODUCTION1

CHAPTER Ⅰ:OBJECT AND NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW9

A.The Purpose of International Environmental Law9

B.A Functional Approach18

C.The Right to Environment21

CHAPTER Ⅱ:BIRTH AND EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW33

A.The Origins of International Environmental Law33

B.Formation of Environmental Law36

C.Evolution After the Stockholm Conference41

D.The World Charter for Nature46

E.Economic Development and the Environment48

CHAPTER Ⅲ:INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL COOPERATION55

A.Functions56

B.Division of Labor57

C.Global Organizations58

1.United Nations58

2.UNESCO64

3.Food and Agriculture Organization （FAO）64

4.World Health Organization （WHO）66

5.World Meteorological Organization （WMO）67

6.International Atomic Energy Agency （IAEA）67

7.International Maritime Organization （IMO）68

8.International Labor Organization （ILO）69

9.Other Global Intergovernmental Organizations70

10.Global Nongovernmental Organizations70

a.World Conservation Union （IUCN）70

b.Worldwide Fund for Nature （WWF）72

D.Regional Organizations73

1.United Nations Economic Commission for Europe（UNECE）74

2.The Council of Europe75

3.Organization for Economic Cooperation and Devel-opment （OECD）77

4.The European Communities78

5.Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe（CSCE）84

6.Organization of American States （OAS）85

7.South Pacific Regional Organizations89

E.Subregional and Bilateral Organizations91

CHAPTER Ⅳ:THE SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW95

A.International Conventions Concerning Environmental Protection96

1.Measures of Implementation98

2.Supervising Implementation99

3.Simplified Amendment Procedures101

4.Action Plans and Programs102

5.Mechanisms and Organs of Cooperation103

B.Customary International Law105

C.General Principles of Law Recognized by Civilized Nations107

D.Judicial Decisions and Teachings of the Most Quali-ed Publicists of the Different Nations107

E.New Sources of Law108

1.Binding Resolutions109

2.Nonbinding Resolutions110

CHAPTER Ⅴ:INTERNATIONAL COMMON LAW OF THE ENVIRONMENT115

A.The Traditional Approach: Transfrontier Pollution116

1.Definition of Transfrontier Pollution116

2.Applicable Rules of International Law119

a.Claims of Absolute Sovereignty119

b.Abuse of Rights120

c.The Right Not to Suffer Damage121

d.Specific Rules Relating to Transfrontier Pollution129

B.Towards Global Norms144

CHAPTER Ⅵ:REGULATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SECTORS155

A.Legal Techniques Common to Different Sectors155

B.Protection of the Marine Environment against Pollu- tion159

1.Framework159

2.Historical Evolution162

3.Rights and Duties of States in the Law of the Sea Convention168

4.Combatting Different Forms of Pollution174

a.Vessel-source Pollution174

b.Atmospheric Pollution178

c.Dumping of Wastes180

d.Pollution Resulting from Exploration and Exploi- tation of the Deep Seabed186

e.Land-based Pollution189

f.Emergency Situations194

g.Intervention on the High Seas200

h.Responsibility and Damages for Harm Caused by Marine Environmental Pollution201

C.Protecting Inland Waters202

1.Elements of a General Regime204

2.Unification of Norms Applicable to International Waterways: EEC Law210

3.Case Studies214

a.The Rhine214

b.United States-Mexico Boundary Waters223

D.Combatting Air Pollution227

1.Global Norms231

2.Regional Regulation233

E.The Protection of Wildlife239

1.Basic Concepts239

2.Global Conventions with Specific Means of Protec- tion243

3.Comprehensive Regional Conventions268

4.Regulations Aimed at the Protection of Specific Animal Species or Groups of Species284

5.Conservation Methods298

6.A Framework Convention on Biological Diversity304

CHAPTER Ⅶ:TRANSSECTORAL PROBLEMS307

A.Toxic or Dangerous Products308

1.Production309

2.Marketing310

3.Notification311

4.Special Products and Groups of Products312

5.Regulating the Risk of Accident312

B.Toxic or Dangerous Wastes313

1.Waste Management314

2.Transfrontier Movement of Toxic or Dangerous Waste320

a.General Principles320

b.General Obligations of States322

c.Means of Transporting Hazardous Wastes323

d.Liability and Compensation for Damage323

3.European Community Regulations324

4.North-South Issues325

5.The Basel Convention326

C.Radioactivity328

1.IAEA Regulations329

a.Governmental Organization330

b.Choice of Sites330

c.Construction330

d.Operation330

e.Quality Controls331

2.The Chernobyl Accident and its Legal Aftermath331

D.Radioactive Wastes337

E.Ozone Depletion339

1.The Vienna Convention340

2.The Montreal Protocol340

3.Further Developments341

F.Global Warming342

CHAPTER Ⅷ:BREACHES OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND LIABILITY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HARM347

A.International Responsibility348

1.Framework348

2.Difficulties in Implementing State Responsibility350

3.International Practice360

B.The Problem of Compensating Victims363

1.Compensation of Victims in Private International Law364

2.Special Rules of Compensation367

CONCLUSION377

APPENDICES385

Appendix A:Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment385

Appendix B:UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage391

Appendix C:Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora403

Appendix D:Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution and Protocols419

Appendix E:The World Charter for Nature437

Appendix F:Convention on the Law of the Sea （excerpts）441

Appendix G:Convention for the Protection of the OzoneLayer and Protocol467

Appendix H:ASEAN Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources493

BIBLIOGRAPHY507

INDEX533