科技英语 中国学生专业英语应用指南2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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CHAPTER 1　INTRODUCTION1

1.1　What is science1

1.1.1　The scientific method is essential to scientific English　1

1.1.2　Fields of science:is scientific English essential for you3

1.1.3 Pure/applied and academic/industrial sciences4

1.2 Why learn scientific English5

1.2.1 Will you or do you make scientific contribution to society5

1.2.2 Communication of science6

1.2.3 Scientific English is not the same as common academic English8

1.3 Aims and objectives of the book11

CHAPTER 2 THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENGLISH AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO THE LANGUAGE OF SCIENCE14

2.1 Old and modern English14

2.2 Impact of science and Latin/Greek on English15

2.3 There are differences between British English and American English24

2.3.1 What is American English24

2.3.2 Differences in pronunciation and spelling25

2.3.3 Never use informal words and phrases in science26

2.4 How did"Chinglish"come about27

CHAPTER 3 WORD ROOTS AND PARTS30

3.1 Knowing word roots can help you with scientific English30

3.2 Many common words are formed using prefixes and suffixes31

3.3 Many science words are formed using prefixes and suffixes34

3.3.1 Some disciplines use certain prefixes frequently34

3.3.2 Some prefixes are common to all science disciplines38

3.3.3 Many science words are formed using suffixes45

3.3.4 Suffixes that determine the part of speech47

3.3.5 Plural suffixes can be different in science words49

3.4 Many adjectives come from Latin52

3.5 Other word roots useful to science52

3.6 Exercises56

CHAPTER 4 SCIENTIFIC ACADEMIC SPEAKING59

4.1 Correct pronunciation of scientific words59

4.1.1 Pronunciation:why speaking is as important as writing59

4.1.2 How to stress syllables and words correctly62

4.2 Sentence stress is important also67

4.3 The effect of intonation on conveying meaning68

4.4 Other pronunciation problems for the Chinese70

4.5 How much vocabulary do I need73

4.5.1 Remember that an English word can have multiple meanings73

4.5.2 Never take word definitions from a dictionary for granted74

4.5.3 Typical words all Chinese scientists should know75

4.6 Answering to negative questions81

4.7 When to use singular and plural words in speaking83

4.8 Exercises85

CHAPTER 5 SCIENTIFIC ACADEMIC LISTENING91

5.1 Bad English-class listening habits and how to rectify them91

5.2 How to get the best out of listening to instructions95

5.3 Do you know how to take notes in English96

5.4 Important English markers that connect phrases and sentences101

5.4.1 How to look for markers when listening101

5.4.2 Clauses containing"if"can cause problems to the Chinese listener103

5.4.3 How to distinguish between facts and opinions when listening104

5.5 Listening comprehension during conversation105

5.6 Exercises106

CHAPTER 6 SCIENTIFIC ACADEMIC READING FOR UNDERSTANDING109

6.1 How to improve your vocabulary for reading comprehension109

6.2 How to deal with difficult sentences114

6.3 Do not forget to take and make notes when reading119

6.4 How to concentrate and remember what you read in textbooks written in English124

6.5 Scientific research-paper format and its role in communication127

6.5.1 The scientific-paper format127

6.5.2 Questions you could ask when reading a scientific paper128

6.6 Do not memorise word by word135

6.7 Exercises135

CHAPTER 7 SCIENTIFIC ACADEMIC WRITING139

7.1 Writing a scientific report140

7.1.1 The research paper format140

7.1.2 Writing format for different types of reports144

7.1.3 Suggestions on how to start writing a paper145

7.2 Style of writing145

7.3 Difficulties with grammar for a Chinese student147

7.4 Personal pronouns and their associated verb forms148

7.5 Singular and plural subjects and their verb forms—again150

7.5.1 Singular nouns can become plural nouns—so why the confusion150

7.5.2　There are nouns that are singular only or plural only152

7.5.3 Can nouns which do not have plural forms be made plural153

7.5.4 Are collective nouns singular and plural156

7.5.5 Confusion about using whether singular or plural forms in sentences158

7.6 Misuse of"many"and"much"by Chinese students159

7.7 Confusion about positioning adverbs in a sentence160

7.8 Should I use past or present tense when writing papers161

7.9 Chinese writers too often choose the wrong words164

7.9.1 Unnecessary phrases commonly used by Chinese students164

7.9.2 Chinese writers commonly misuse"the"166

7.9.3 Chinese writers commonly misuse"respectively"170

7.9.4 Inappropriate use of"such as","etc."and"and so on"172

7.9.5 Use of"which"or"that"173

7.10 How to deal with double negatives175

7.11 Numbers:numerals or spell out the word176

7.12 So you think you know how to use punctuation marks178

7.12.1 Are you really using commas correctly178

7.12.2 How to use apostrophes(')correctly in scientific writing182

7.12.3 Chinese writers often capitalise letters inappropriately183

7.12.4 Punctuation concerning word abbreviations185

7.12.5 Hyphens(-)can be useful in writing190

7.12.6 The true functions of dashes(-)195

7.12.7 The true functions of brackets,colon,semicolon,and the slash196

7.12.8 Rules for spacing between punctuations and wordsin scientific writing199

7.13 The problem of sentence structure for Chinese writers200

7.13.1 How to make simple sentences and put them together201

7.13.2 Effect of prefacing the main idea of a sentence204

7.13.3 Chinese authors often write sentences that are too long205

7.14 More advanced scientific writing206

7.14.1 Summary on how to be concise206

7.14.2 How to make sentences precise and not ambiguous215

7.14.3 How to make sentences clearer220

7.14.4 How to make sentences and paragraphs more objective224

7.14.5 Consistency is important in science226

7.15 It is unacceptable to plagiarise231

7.15.1 What is plagiarism and why should Chinese writers care231

7.15.2 Paraphrasing can be used to avoid plagiarism232

7.15.3 When to cite and when not to cite233

7.16 Exercises235

ANSWERS TO EXERCISES242

GLOSSARY258

INDEX265

第1章　绪论1

1.1　什么是科学1

1.1.1 科学方法是科技英语的基础1

1.1.2 科技英语对你重要吗3

1.1.3 基础科学与应用科学4

1.2　为什么要学习科技英语5

1.2.1 你为社会作出了科学上的贡献吗5

1.2.2　科学领域的交流6

1.2.3 科技英语不同于一般的专业英语8

1.3　本书的写作目的11

第2章　英语的不同类型及它们与科学语言的关系14

2.1　英语简史14

2.2　科学与拉丁文／希腊文对英语的影响15

2.3　英国英语与美国英语24

2.3.1 什么是美国英语24

2.3.2 认清英国英语与美国英语发音与拼写中的差别25

2.3.3 不要在科学语言中使用不正式的词与短语26

2.4 中国式英语是怎样产生的27

第3章　科技英语的词根与基本词汇30

3.1 了解词根与基本词汇有助于你了解科技英语30

3.2　许多日常词汇是由前缀与后缀构成的31

3.3　科技英语中由前缀与后缀构成的词汇34

3.3.1 一些学科使用频率较多的前缀34

3.3.2　适合所有科学的前缀38

3.3.3 许多学科的词汇由后缀构成45

3.3.4　后缀改变词性47

3.3.5 科学词汇中的复数后缀是不同的49

3.4　许多形容词来自拉丁文52

3.5　科学词汇用得较多的其他词根52

3.6 习题56

第4章　科技专业英语的口语表达59

4.1　科技词汇的正确发音59

4.1.1 为什么科技英语的说与写同样重要59

4.1.1 如何处理音节与词汇的重读62

4.2　句子的重读同样重要67

4.3　语调对表达意思的影响68

4.4　中国学生发音的其他问题70

4.5　你需要多少词汇73

4.5.1 记住：一个英语单词有多种意思73

4.5.2 不要认为字典的解释在什么时候都是对的74

4.5.3 中国学者应该知道的典型词汇75

4.6　如何回答否定疑问句81

4.7　在说话中什么时候用单、复数83

4.8　习题85

第5章　科技英语的听力91

5.1　如何克服不好的听力习惯91

5.2　如何更好地通过听去学习95

5.3　如何在听的时候做英语笔记96

5.4　连接短语与句子的重要标记101

5.4.1 如何在听的时候寻找标记101

5.4.2 “if”短语是中国学生听力的重要问题103

5.4.3 在听的过程中如何区别事实与观点104

5.5　在对话中的听力理解105

5.6　习题106

第6章　科技英语的阅读理解109

6.1　如何看待词汇与阅读理解的关系109

6.2　如何理解难句114

6.3　在阅读过程中要做笔记及理顺笔记119

6.4　如何提炼与记住阅读的主要内容124

6.5　科学研究论文的格式及它在交流中的作用127

6.5.1 科学研究论文的格式127

6.5.2 在看科技论文时可以提出什么问题128

6.6　要理解而不是死记硬背你阅读的内容135

6.7　习题135

第7章　科技英语的写作139

7.1　写科学研究论文140

7.1.1　写作前要了解科学研究论文的写作格式140

7.1.2 不同类型的报告有不同的写作格式要求144

7.1.3 如何开始写一篇论文145

7.2　写作风格145

7.3　中国学生的语法难点147

7.4　人称代词及搭配的动词148

7.5　单数主语和复数主语与搭配的动词150

7.5.1 不要错用名词单、复数150

7.5.2 一些名词只有单数或者复数152

7.5.3 没有复数形式的名词可表示复数吗153

7.5.4 集合名词是否可表示单、复数156

7.5.5 如何在句子中使用单、复数的困惑158

7.6 中国学生对“many”与“much”的误用159

7.7　如何确定副词在句子中的位置160

7.8　在写论文时如何确定用过去时还是现在时161

7.9　要注意经常用错的单词164

7.9.1 不要用太多复杂单词及不必要的短语164

7.9.2　不要误用“the”166

7.9.3 在没有反映顺序关系时不要用“respectively”170

7.9.4 “such as”，“etc．”与“and so on”的误用172

7.9.5　“which”和“that”的用法173

7.10　如何处理双重否定句子175

7.11　数目：用数字表示还是用单词表示176

7.12　如何使用标点符号178

7.12.1 如何正确使用逗号分开句子178

7.12.2　如何正确使用撇号（’）182

7.12.3 中国学生经常不当使用大写字母183

7.12.4 要明白在缩写词与测量单位中是否要使用标点符号185

7.12.5 连字号（-）在写作中是很有用的190

7.12.6　破折号的作用195

7.12.7 不要误用或不用括号、冒号、分号、斜线196

7.12.8 科技英语写作中标点符号与文字间空格的规则199

7.13　关于句子结构的问题200

7.13.1 如何写出简单的名子并使其组织在一起201

7.13.2 不要在写作时总是先说明原因或目的204

7.13.3 中国作者经常使用过长的句子205

7.14　高级科技英语写作206

7.14.1 如何写得简洁206

7.14.2 如何使句子精确而不模棱两可215

7.14.3　如何使句子更清楚220

7.14.4 如何使句子或段落表达的意思更客观224

7.14.5 一致性是科学的重要原则226

7.15　剽窃是不能被接受的231

7.15.1 什么是剽窃和为什么剽窃易被忽略231

7.15.2 改写能有效避免剽窃232

7.15.3 什么时候该引用而什么时候不需要引用233

7.16　习题235

习题答案242

词汇表258

名词索引265