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PART Ⅰ Foundation DC Concepts1

1 Introduction2

1.1 Introduction4

1.2 The SI System of Units7

1.3 Converting Units9

1.4 Power of Ten Notation10

1.5 Prefixes13

1.6 Significant Digits and Numerical Accuracy14

1.7 Circuit Diagrams16

1.8 Circuit Analysis Using Computers18

Problems21

2 Voltage and Current28

2.1 Atomic Theory Review30

2.2 The Unit of Electrical Charge:The Coulomb35

2.3 Voltage36

2.4 Current38

2.5 Practical DC Voltage Sources41

2.6 Measuring Voltage and Current46

2.7 Switches,Fuses,and Circuit Breakers51

Problems52

3 Resistance58

3.1 Resistance of Conductors60

3.2 Electrical Wire Tables62

3.3 Resistance of Wires—Circular Mils65

3.4 Temperature Effects69

3.5 Types of Resistors72

3.6 Color Coding of Resistors76

3.7 Measuring Resistance—The Ohmmeter78

3.8 Thermistors81

3.9 Photoconductive Cells82

3.10 Nonlinear Resistance83

3.11 Conductance85

3.12 Superconductors86

Problems88

4 Ohm's Law,Power,and Energy94

4.1 Ohm's Law96

4.2 Voltage Polarity and Current Direction101

4.3 Power104

4.4 Power Direction Convention107

4.5 Energy109

4.6 Efficiency111

4.7 Nonlinear and Dynamic Resistances114

4.8 Computer-Aided Circuit Analysis115

Problems120

PART Ⅱ Basic DC Analysis127

5 Series Circuits128

5.1 Series Circuits130

5.2 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law132

5.3 Resistors in Series134

5.4 Voltage Sources in Series137

5.5 Interchanging Series Components138

5.6 The Voltage Divider Rule139

5.7 Circuit Ground142

5.8 Voltage Subscripts143

5.9 Internal Resistance of Voltage Sources149

5.10 Voltmeter Design150

5.11 Ohmmeter Design155

5.12 Ammeter Loading Effects158

5.13 Circuit Analysis Using Computers160

Problems164

6 Parallel Circuits176

6.1 Parallel Circuits178

6.2 Kirchhoff's Current Law179

6.3 Resistors in Parallel183

6.4 Voltage Sources in Parallel189

6.5 Current Divider Rule190

6.6 Analysis of Parallel Circuits195

6.7 Ammeter Design198

6.8 Voltmeter Loading Effects200

6.9 Circuit Analysis Using Computers203

Problems207

7 Series-Parallel Circuits220

7.1 The Series-Parallel Network222

7.2 Analysis of Series-Parallel Circuits223

7.3 Applications of Series-Parallel Circuits231

7.4 Potentiometers239

7.5 Loading Effects of Instruments241

7.6 Circuit Analysis Using Computers247

Problems254

8 Methods of Analysis264

8.1 Constant-Current Sources266

8.2 Source Conversions268

8.3 Current Sources in Parallel and Series272

8.4 Branch-Current Analysis275

8.5 Mesh(Loop)Analysis280

8.6 Nodal Analysis288

8.7 Delta-Wye(Pi-Tee)Conversion296

8.8 Bridge Networks303

8.9 Circuit Analysis Using Computers312

Problems315

9 Network Theorems326

9.1 Superposition Theorem328

9.2 Thévenin's Theorem332

9.3 Norton's Theorem341

9.4 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem352

9.5 Substitution Theorem357

9.6 Millman's Theorem359

9.7 Reciprocity Theorem361

9.8 Circuit Analysis Using Computers364

Problems371

PART Ⅲ Capacitance and Inductance383

10 Capacitors and Capacitance384

10.1 Capacitance386

10.2 Factors Affecting Capacitance387

10.3 Electric Fields390

10.4 Dielectrics393

10.5 Nonideal Effects394

10.6 Types of Capacitors395

10.7 Capacitors in Parallel and Series400

10.8 Capacitor Current and Voltage404

10.9 Energy Stored by a Capacitor407

10.10 Capacitor Failures and Troubleshooting408

Problems409

11 Capacitor Charging,Discharging,and Simple Waveshaping Circuits416

11.1 Introduction418

11.2 Capacitor Charging Equations422

11.3 Capacitor with an Initial Voltage427

11.4 Capacitor Discharging Equations429

11.5 More Complex Circuits430

11.6 An RC Timing Application438

11.7 Pulse Response of RC Circuits440

11.8 Transient Analysis Using Computers444

Problems451

12 Magnetism and Magnetic Circuits460

12.1 The Nature of a Magnetic Field462

12.2 Electromagnetism464

12.3 Flux and Flux Density465

12.4 Magnetic Circuits467

12.5 Air Gaps,Fringing,and Laminated Cores468

12.6 Series Elements and Parallel Elements469

12.7 Magnetic Circuits with DC Excitation470

12.8 Magnetic Field Intensity and Magnetization Curves471

12.9 Ampere's Circuital Law474

12.10 Series Magnetic Circuits:Given Ф,Find NI475

12.11 Series-Parallel Magnetic Circuits480

12.12 Series Magnetic Circuits:Given NI,Find Ф482

12.13 Force Due to an Electromagnet484

12.14 Properties of Magnetic Materials485

12.15 Measuring Magnetic Fields487

Problems487

13 Inductance and Inductors492

13.1 Electromagnetic Induction494

13.2 Induced Voltage and Induction496

13.3 Self-Inductance499

13.4 Computing Induced Voltage501

13.5 Inductances in Series and Parallel503

13.6 Practical Considerations504

13.7 Inductance and Steady State DC507

13.8 Energy Stored by an Inductance509

13.9 Inductor Troubleshooting Hints510

Problems511

14 Inductive Transients518

14.1 Introduction520

14.2 Current Buildup Transients523

14.3 Interrupting Current in an Inductive Circuit527

14.4 De-energizing Transients529

14.5 More Complex Circuits531

14.6 RL Transients Using Computers537

Problems542

PART Ⅳ Foundation AC Concepts547

15 AC Fundamentals548

15.1 Introduction550

15.2 Generating AC Voltages551

15.3 Voltage and Current Conventions for AC554

15.4 Frequency,Period,Amplitude,and Peak Value557

15.5 Angular and Graphic Relationships for Sine Waves561

15.6 Voltage and Currents as Functions of Time565

15.7 Introduction to Phasors570

15.8 AC Waveforms and Average Value579

15.9 Effective Values585

15.10 Rate of Change of a Sine Wave(Derivative)590

15.11 AC Voltage and Current Measurement590

15.12 Circuit Analysis Using Computers592

Problems595

16 R,L,and C Elements and the Impedance Concept604

16.1 Complex Number Review606

16.2 Complex Numbers inAC Analysis611

16.4 Resistance and Sinusoidal AC617

16.3 R,L,and C Circuits with Sinusoidal Excitation617

16.5 Inductance and Sinusoidal AC619

16.6 Capacitance and Sinusoidal AC623

16.7 The Impedance Concept627

16.8 Computer Analysis of AC Circuits630

Problems634

17 Power in AC Circuits640

17.1 Introduction642

17.2 Power to a Resistive Load643

17.3 Power to an Inductive Load644

17.4 Power to a Capacitive Load646

17.5 Power in More Complex Circuits648

17.6 Apparent Power650

17.7 The Relationship Between P,Q,and S651

17.8 Power Factor655

17.9 AC Power Measurement659

17.10 Effective Resistance662

17.11 Energy Relationships for AC663

17.12 Circuit Analysis Using Computers664

Problems665

Problems671

PART Ⅴ Impedance Networks671

18 AC Series-Parallel Circuits672

18.1 Ohm's Law for AC Circuits674

18.2 AC Series Circuits681

18.3 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law and the Voltage Divider Rule689

18.4 AC Parallel Circuits693

18.5 Kirchhoff's Current Law and the Current Divider Rule698

18.6 Series-Parallel Circuits701

18.7 Frequency Effects704

18.8 Applications710

18.9 Circuit Analysis Using Computers714

Problems720

19 Methods of AC Analysis736

19.1 Dependent Sources738

19.2 Source Conversion739

19.3 Mesh(Loop)Analysis744

10.4 Nodal Analysis751

19.5 Delta-to-Wye and Wye-to-Delta Conversions758

19.6 Bridge Networks762

19.7 Circuit Analysis Using Computers768

Problems771

20 AC Network Theorems782

20.1 Superposition Theorem—Independent Sources784

20.2 Superposition Theorem—Dependent Sources789

20.3 Thévenin's Theorem—Independent Sources791

20.4 Norton's Theorem—Independent Sources797

20.5 Thévenin's and Norton's Theorems for Dependent Sources803

20.6 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem813

20.7 Circuit Analysis Using Computers818

Problems824

21 Resonance834

21.1 Series Resonance836

21.2 Quality Factor,Q838

21.3 Impedance of a Series Resonant Circuit841

21.4 Power,Bandwidth,and Selectivity of a Series Resonant Circuit842

21.5 Series-to-Parallel RL and RC Conversion851

21.6 Parallel Resonance857

21.7 Circuit Analysis Using Computers867

Problems871

22 Filters and the Bode Plot882

22.1 The Decibel884

22.2 Multistage Systems890

22.3 Simple RC and RL Transfer Functions893

22.4 The Low-Pass Filter902

22.5 The High-Pass Filter909

22.6 The Band-Pass Filter914

22.7 The Band-Reject Filter918

22.8 Circuit Analysis Using Computers920

Problems924

23 Three-Phase Systems934

23.1 Three-Phase Voltage Generation936

23.2 Basic Three-Phase Circuit Connections937

23.3 Basic Three-Phase Relationships940

23.4 Examples948

23.5 Power in a Balanced System954

23.6 Measuring Power in Three-Phase Circuits960

23.7 Unbalanced Loads963

23.8 Power System Loads967

23.9 Circuit Analysis Using Computers967

24 Transformers and Coupled Circuits978

24.1 Introduction980

24.2 Iron-Core Transformers:The Ideal Model983

24.3 Reflected Impedance992

24.4 Transformer Ratings994

24.5 Transformer Applications994

24.6 Practical Iron-Core Transformers1002

24.7 Transformer Tests1007

24.8 Voltage and Frequency Effects1009

24.9 Loosely Coupled Circuits1010

24.10 Magnetically Coupled Circuits with Sinusoidal Excitation1015

24.11 Coupled Impedance1017

24.12 Circuit Analysis Using Computers1019

Problems1023

25 Nonsinusoidal Waveforms1030

25.1 Composite Waveforms1032

25.2 Fourier Series1034

25.3 Fourier Series of Common Waveforms1039

25.4 Frequency Spectrum1046

25.5 Circuit Response to a Nonsinusoidal Waveform1052

25.6 Circuit Analysis Using Computers1056

Problems1059

APPENDIX A OrCAD-PSpice A/D1067

APPENDIX B Solution of Simultaneous Linear Equations1076

APPENDIX C Maximum Power Transfer Theorem1083

APPENDIX D Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Problems1086

Glossary1099

Index1104