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Chapter Ⅰ The Future of the Public Domain： An Introduction&P.Bernt Hugenholtz and Lucie Guibault1

Chapter Ⅱ Challenges in Mapping the Public Domain&Pamela Samuelson7

1.Introduction7

2.Considering Criticisms of the Public Domain Map9

3.Normative Reasons to Map the Public Domain21

Chapter Ⅲ Economic Analysis of the Public Domain&Eli M.Salzberger27

1.Introduction27

2.Law and Economics and Intellectual Property29

3.The Tragedy of the Commons Paradigm and the Positive Analysis of the Public Domain33

4.The Incentives Paradigm and the Normative Analysis of the Public Domain37

4.1.The Incentive Paradigm versus the Tragedy of the Commons37

4.2.Alternatives to Intellectual Property within the Incentive Paradigm and their Effects on the Public Domain42

5.Some Hidden Assumptions of the Traditional Law and Economics Analysis45

5.1.Theories of Progress and the Evolution of Science45

5.2.The State of Technology47

5.3.The Arena - the Definition of Communities， Individuals and Time50

6.Property Rights and the Public Domain Revisited55

7.Conclusion57

Chapter Ⅳ More or Better？ Shaping the Public Domain Michael D.Birnhack59

1.Introduction59

2.Speech： More or Better？64

2.1.Two Paradigms of Threats to Speech64

2.2.First (Amendment) Principles66

2.2.1.The Search for the Truth67

2.2.2.Democracy69

2.2.3.Participation71

3.Expression： More or Better？73

3.1.Author-Based Theories74

3.2.Instrumental Views of Copyright： The Economic Analysis75

3.3.Markets77

3.3.1.Quality77

3.3.2.Quantity79

3.4.The Democratic View of Copyright Law79

4.The Public Domain and the Market82

4.1.The Market and the Marketplace of Ideas84

4.2.Democratic Views of Copyright and of Free Speech85

5.Conclusion86

Chapter Ⅴ Wrapping Information in Contract： How Does it Affect the Public Domain？&Lucie Guibault87

1.Introduction87

2.Contracts Relating to Public Domain Information89

2.1.The Public Domain from a European Perspective89

2.2.Contracts over Information Not or No Longer Qualifying94

2.3.Contracts over Privileged Uses97

3.Impact of Contractual Practices on the Public Domain98

3.1.Legitimacy of Private Ordering99

3.2.Effectiveness of Private Ordering101

3.3.Symbolic Meaning103

4.Conclusion104

Chapter Ⅵ The Public Domain Commodified： Technological Measures and Productive Information Use&Kamiel J.Koelman1.Commodi105

1.Cation and the Public Domain105

2.Rhetoric106

3.Control over Use108

4.Control over Information110

5.Economic Valuation111

6.Regulation115

7.Freedoms of Expression and Information117

8.Conclusion119

Chapter Ⅶ Copyright， Commodification， and Culture： Locating the Public Domain&Julie E.Cohen121

1.Commodification and the Public Domain： Four Puzzles121

2.The Construction of the Public Domain： A Brief History of an Idea124

2.1.From Public Property and Publici Juris to Public Domain125

2.2.Public Domain， Public Property， and Publici Juris in Nineteenth-Century US Law127

2.3.The Public Domain in Contemporary Copyright Law132

2.4.The Four Puzzles Revisited135

3.The Common in Culture： Toward a Social Theory of Creative Practice137

3.1.Cultural Mechanics138

3.2.Cultural Biology141

3.3.Cultural Anthropology143

3.4.Notes Toward a Sociology of Creative Practice146

4.The Public Domain (and Commodification) Reconsidered157

4.1.From the Public Domain to the Cultural Landscape157

4.2.Recognizing the Cultural Landscape160

4.3.The Postcolonialist Critique165

5.Conclusion166

Chapter Ⅷ Database Protection： The Commodification of Information&Mark Davison167

1.An Overview of the Directive168

1.1.More than Just Copyright169

1.2.Case Law relating to the Directive170

2.The History of the Directive and American Proposals172

2.1.The Directive173

2.2.The American Proposals174

2.2.1.The Current Proposal175

2.2.2.Why the Differences do not Matter176

2.2.2…And Why They do Matter179

3.Lessons from the EU and American Processes180

3.1.Eliminating References to ‘Qualitative’ Investment in and ‘Qualitatively’ Substantial Parts of Databases181

3.2.Ensuring Maximum and Uniform Implementation of Exceptions181

3.3.Copyright Exemption for Downloading Data182

3.4.Altering the Provisions in Respect of the Duration of Protection to Ensure Data Falls into the Public Domain after 15 Years182

3.5.Application of Antitrust Generally183

3.6.Rights Over the Contents of Databases183

4.Notion and Role of the Public Domain in the Context of Information Law and Policy184

4.1.Open Warfare185

4.1.1.Symbolism and the Battle of Ideas185

4.1.2.Independent Watchdogs187

5.Conclusion188

Postscript188

Chapter Ⅸ Patenting Science： Protecting the Domain of Accessible Knowledge&Graeme B.Dinwoodie and Rochelle Cooper Dreyfuss191

1.The Nature of the Debate192

1.1.What Counts as Public？193

1.2.Does Access Matter？194

1.3.Is the Domain of Accessible Knowledge Shrinking？196

1.4.Are there Constraints on Reform？204

2.Protecting the Domain of Accessible Knowledge209

3.Mapping the International Domain of Accessible Knowledge218

4.Conclusion221

Chapter Ⅹ Property and Privacy： European Perspectives and the Commodification of our Identity&Corien Prins223

1.Introduction223

2.Background226

3.Privacy and Property： ‘Ownership’ Models on the Internet228

4.Establishing a Property Right in Personal Data230

5.Property Rights and Human Rights234

5.1.Property， Privacy and Personality237

5.2.Property， Human Dignity and the Human Body239

5.3.Contractual Freedom and Human Rights241

6.Contractual Freedom， Control Rights and the EU Personal Data Directive242

7.Reflections on Property in Personal Data246

8.The Costs of a Property Rights Approach251

9.Commodification of Personal Data， Identities and the Public Domain253

10.Conclusion257

Chapter Ⅺ Towards an Indigenous Public Domain？&Brad Sherman and Leanne Wiseman259

1.Introduction259

2.IP Protection and Indigenous Creations261

3.Impact of Extending IP Protection to Indigenous Creations265

4.Reconfiguring the Public Domain in the Interest of Indigenous267

Cultures267

Chapter Ⅻ The Commercialization of Public Sector Information： Delineating the Issues&Mireille van Eechoud279

1.Delineating the Field280

1.1.Definition of Public Sector280

1.2.Types of Government Information281

2.Overview of Market-Oriented Tendencies283

2.1.Decentralization283

2.2.Privatization284

2.3.Public Private Partnerships285

3.Policy Instruments Affecting Access289

3.1.Intellectual Property289

3.2.Freedom of Information290

3.3.Information Registers&Publication Schemes292

3.4.Fair Information Practice Policies293

3.5.United States OMB Circular A-130293

3.6.The Netherlands Instructions on Market Activity by Public Sector Bodies295

3.7.United Kingdom’s Information Fair Trader Scheme297

3.8.Pricing Strategies298

4.Conclusion300

Chapter ⅩⅢ Free and Open Source Software： An Answer to Commodification？&Maurice Schellekens303

1.Introduction303

2.What is Open Source？304

3.Is Open Source an Answer to Commodification？309

3.1.Open Source， Public Domain and Commodification309

3.1.1.The Persistence of the GPL311

3.1.2.The End of Copyright as We Know It？315

3.1.3.Technical Protection and Open Source316

3.2.Other Types of Information than Software318

3.3.The Role of Government in Open Source319

3.4.Conclusion322

Chapter ⅩⅣ Exploring Creative Commons： A Skeptical View of a Worthy Pursuit&Niva Elkin-Koren325

1.Introduction325

2.Ideology and Strategy326

2.1.What is Wrong with the Current Copyright Regime？327

2.2.Creative Remedy： A Licensing Platform329

2.3.Ideological Fuzziness332

3.Empowering Owners to Govern Their Own Works334

4.Private Ordering and Public Welfare339

5.Proliferation of Licenses and Barriers on Access341

6.Conclusion344

Workshop Discussions Roy Melzer and Lucie Guibault347

Introduction347

DAY I349

Plenary Session349

Session Ⅰ352

Session Ⅱ356

Session Ⅲ360

DAY Ⅱ361

Session Ⅳ361

Session Ⅴ368

Session Ⅵ371

About the Contributors373