OPPENHEIM'S INTERNATIONAL LAW NINTH EDITION VOLUME I PEACE PARTS 2 TO 42025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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Part 2 The objects of international law561

Chapter 5 State territory563

ON STATE TERRITORY IN GENERAL563

168 Concept of state territory563

169 Importance of state territory564

170 Divisibility of territorial sovereignty565

THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF STATE TERRITORY572

171 Land,internal waters,territorial sea572

172 Archipelagic waters573

173 Airspace573

174 Other areas of coastal state jurisdiction and rights573

rivers574

175 Rivers as territory of riparian states574

176 Rights of navigation:the Danube575

177 Other European rivers after the First World War578

178 Barcelona Convention 1921580

179 Utilisation of the flow of international rivers582

180 Helsinki Rules586

181 Work of the International Law Commission588

LAKES AND LAND-LOCKED SEAS589

182 Lakes and land-locked seas589

CANALS591

183 Canals in general591

184 The Suez Canal592

185 The Kiel Canal595

186 The Panama Canal595

THE TERRITORIAL SEA AND THE CONTIGUOUS ZONE599

187 Concept of territorial sea600

188 The normal territorial sea baseline602

189 The mouths of rivers603

190 Islands and islets604

191 Reefs and atolls605

192 Low-tide elevations605

193 Ports,harbours and roadsteads and the baseline606

194 Straight baselines607

195 Lighthouses outside the territorial sea610

196 Breadth of the territorial sea611

197 Territorial sea boundaries613

198 Navigation within the territorial sea614

199 Definition of innocent passage615

200 Coastal state laws and regulations and innocent passage617

201 Warships and innocent passage618

202 Jurisdiction within the territorial sea620

203 Jurisdiction in ports and harbours622

204 Vessels in distress624

205 The contiguous zone625

GULFS AND BAYS626

206 Territorial gulfs and bays627

207 Historic bays630

208'Vital'bays and waters631

209 Pluristatal bays632

STRAITS633

210 International straits and passage634

211 Transit passage636

212 Innocent passage of certain straits641

213 The Bosphorus and the Dardanelles641

ARCHIPELAGOES AND ARCHIPELAGIC STATES643

214 Regime of archipelagoes644

215 Archipelagic states645

216 Archipelagic waters647

217 Rights of passage and overflight648

THE AIR AND AERIAL NAVIGATION650

218 Early theories650

219 Paris Convention 1919651

220 Chicago Civil Aviation Convention 1944652

221 Other Chicago instruments655

222 The ICAO657

223 Bilateral agreements657

224 Other multilateral conventions658

225 Radio communications659

BOUNDARIES OF STATE TERRITORY661

226 Territorial boundaries661

227 Boundary treaties663

228 Boundary maps663

229 Boundary rivers664

230 Boundary lakes and inland seas666

231 Mountain boundaries667

232 Boundary disputes667

233 Boundary and territorial disputes distinguished668

234 Third states669

235 Utipossidetis669

STATE SERVITUDES670

236 So-called state servitudes670

237 Subjects and objects of such rights672

238 Servitudes rights in rem673

239 Extinction of state servitudes675

240 Land-locked states676

MODES OF ACQUISITION OF STATE TERRITORY677

241 Who can acquire state territory677

242 Former doctrines concerning acquisition of territory678

243 Modes of acquisition of state territory679

CESSION679

244 Concept of cession of state territory679

245 Form of cession680

246 Tradition of ceded territory682

247 Third states683

248 Plebiscite683

249 Option of nationality and emigration685

OCCUPATION686

250 Concept of occupation686

251 Elements of occupation688

252 Inchoate title of discovery689

253 Extent of occupation690

254 Spheres of influence691

255 Consequences of occupation692

256 The Polar regions692

257 The Antarctic Treaty694

ACCRETION696

258 Concept of accretion696

259 Artificial formations696

260 Alluvion697

261 Abandoned river beds697

262 Newborn islands698

SUBJUGATION698

263 Concepts of conquest and subjugation698

264 Germany after the Second World War699

265 Subjugation distinguished from belligerent occupation700

266 Consequences of subjugation700

267 Veto of third states702

268 Renunciation of force or threat of force and title to territory702

PRESCRIPTION705

269 Concept of prescription705

270 Conditions for prescription706

HISTORIC TITLES,CRITICAL DATE,SELF-DETERMINATION708

271 Continuous display of territorial sovereignty708

272 Consolidation of historic titles709

273 The critical date710

274 Self-determination712

275 Attitude of the international community715

LOSS OF STATE TERRITORY716

276 Six modes of losing state territory716

Chapter 6 The high seas719

RISE OF THE FREEDOM OF THE HIGH SEAS719

277 Former claims to control over the sea720

278 Grotius's attack on maritime sovereignty721

279 Gradual recognition of the freedom of the high seas722

CONCEPT OF THE HIGH SEAS722

280 Meaning of high seas722

281 The 1958 Geneva Conference723

282 UNCLOS III724

283 The status of the 1982 Convention725

THE FREEDOM OF THE HIGH SEAS726

284 Meaning of the freedom of the high seas726

285 Navigation and other freedoms on the high seas728

286 Discrepancies between the 1958 and 1982 Conventions730

JURISDICTION ON THE HIGH SEAS731

287 The nationality of ships and aircraft731

288 The'genuine link'732

289 Maritime flags of land-locked states and international organisations733

290 Ships'papers and names734

291 The scope of flag jurisdiction734

292 Jurisdictional immunity of warships and public vessels735

293 Powers of warships over merchantmen736

294 The right of hot pursuit739

295 Escorting arrested vessels on the high seas741

296 Safety of traffic on the high seas741

297 The Load Line Convention743

298 Duty to render assistance744

PIRACY AND RELATED OFFENCES746

299 Concept of piracy746

300 Public ships and piracy747

301 Mutinous crew and passengers751

302 Object of piracy752

303 Where piracy can be committed753

304 Jurisdiction over pirates and their punishment753

305 Piracy according to municipal law754

FISHERIES ON THE HIGH SEAS755

306 Fishing as a high seas freedom756

307 High seas fisheries treaties757

308 Regulation of whaling757

309 Geneva Convention and the 1982 Convention759

SUBMARINE CABLES AND PIPELINES760

310 Telegraph cables in the open sea760

311 International protection of submarine telegraph cables761

312 Pipelines761

RADIO COMMUNICATION AND THE HIGH SEAS763

313 Radio communication on the high seas763

CONTINENTAL SHELF764

314 Early claims to seabed and subsoil under high seas765

315 The Truman Proclamation and the resulting practice768

316 Nature of the continental shelf770

317 Continental shelf rights773

318 Continental shelf resources774

319 Waters superjacent to continental shelf774

320 Installations,structures and artificial islands775

321 Tunnelling776

322 Continental shelf beyond 200 miles776

323 Continental shelf delimitation776

324 The North Sea cases778

325 1982 Convention,Article 83780

326 Later cases781

FISHERY ZONES AND THE EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE782

327 The beginnings of fishery zone claims784

328 The exclusive economic zone788

329 Sources of EEZ law789

330 1982 Convention provisions790

331 The rights and duties of the coastal state792

332 The rights and duties of other states792

333 Artificial islands,installations and structures in the EEZ794

334 Living resources of the EEZ796

335 The allowable catch797

336 Land-locked and geographically disadvantaged states799

337 Fish stocks and boundaries800

338 Marine mammals800

339 Anadromous stocks800

340 Catadromous species801

341 Enforcement of coastal state laws801

342 Navigation and other freedoms802

343 Overflight803

344 Non-living resources804

345 Fishing zones of 200 miles804

346 Delimitation of the EEZ804

347 A single maritime boundary805

MARINE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH807

348 The Geneva Convention808

349 The Convention on the Law of the Sea809

THE AREA AND DEEP SEA MINING812

350 Part ⅩⅠ of the 1982 Convention812

351 Position of non-parties814

352 Other agreements815

THE PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT816

353 Agreements on pollution816

354 The Torrey Canyon and the Brussels Conference817

355 The 1982 Convention'General Provisions'819

356 The 1982 Rules and Regulations820

357 Enforcement of the 1982 regime821

358 Enforcement and transit passage823

359 Responsibility and liability824

360 Sovereign immunity825

361 Legal suatus of Part ⅩⅡ825

Chapter 7 Outer Space826

OUTER SPACE826

362 Beginnings of space law826

363 The Outer Space Treaty 1967828

364 Responsibility,liability and jurisdiction830

365 Space accidents and the Astronauts Agreement 1968831

366 The Registration Convention 1974833

367 The Liability Convention 1971834

368 The Moon Treaty 1979836

369 International organisations838

370 Definition of outer space839

371 Geostationary orbit841

372 Telecommunications space stations,etc.842

373 Remote sensing844

Chapter 8 Individuals846

POSITION OF INDIVIDUALS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW846

374 Importance of individuals to international law846

375 Individuals as subjects of international law847

376 Nationality the link between individuals and international law849

377 International law and the rights of mankind849

NATIONALITY851

378 Concept of nationality851

379 Function of nationality857

380 Corporations859

381 Nationality and emigration864

382 The right of expatriation867

ACQUISITION AND LOSS OF NATIONALITY868

383 Five modes of acquisition of nationality869

384 Acquisition of nationality by birth870

385 Citizenship within the Commonwealth871

386 Acquisition of nationality through naturalisation872

387 Naturalisation by grant on application875

388 Effect of naturalisation upon previous nationality876

389 Acquisition of nationality through redintegration877

390 Acquisition of nationality through annexation and cession877

391 Modes of losing nationality877

DOUBLE NATIONALITY AND STATELESSNESS882

392 Possibility of double nationality and statelessness882

393 How double nationality occurs883

394 Position of individuals with double nationality883

395 Regulation of double nationality by treaty884

396 How statelessness occurs886

397 Posidon of stateless individuals886

398 Regulation of statelessness by treaty887

399 Refugees890

RECEPTION OF ALIENS AND RIGHT OF ASYLUM896

400 Admission of aliens897

401 Reception of aliens under conditions899

402 The so-called right of asylum901

POSITION OF ALIENS AFTER RECEPTION903

403 Position of aliens in general904

404 Personal position of aliens904

405 Protection afforded to the persons and property of aliens910

406 Aliens in certain African and Asian states911

407 Property of aliens:expropriation911

408 State debts and other contracts with aliens927

409 National and international standard of treatment:non-discrimination931

410 Aliens and the protection of their home state934

411 Protection of non-nationals935

412 Departure from the foreign country939

EXPULSION OF ALIENS940

413 Competence to expel aliens940

414 How expulsion is effected945

EXTRADITION948

415 Absence of legal duty of extradition948

416 Rise of extradition treaties950

417 National extradition laws954

418 Extradition of nationals955

419 Extraditable crimes957

420 Conditions of extradition959

PRINCIPLE OF NON-EXTRADITION OF POLITICAL CRIMINALS962

421 Origin of the principle962

422 Difficulty concerning the concept of political crime963

423 National law and the concept of political crimes965

424 International attempts to limit the meaning of'political offence'969

THE PROTECTION OF MINORITIES972

425 Before the First World War973

426 After the First World War973

427 The sanctions of the minority clauses974

428 After the Second World War976

SLAVERY,SLAVE TRAFFIC,AND FORCED LABOUR978

429 Slavery and the slave traffic979

430 Abolition of forced labour982

INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS983

431 The bases of the international protection of human rights984

432 Protection of workers:the ILO985

433 The Charter of the United Nations and Human Rights988

434 The Genocide Convention993

435 Crimes against humanity995

436 An International Bill of Human Rights:progress towards an effective code998

437 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights1001

438 United Nations Commission on Human Rights1005

439 Racial discrimination1007

440 Covenants on Economic,Social,Cultural,Civil and Political Rights1012

441 Rights of women1018

442 The protection of human rights in Europe1020

443 Inter-American protection of human rights1026

444 Protection of human rights in Africa1029

Part 3 Organs of the states for their international relations1031

Chapter 9 Heads of States,and Foreign Offices1033

POSITION OF HEADS OF STATES ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL LAW1033

445 Heads of States in general1033

446 Competences of Heads of States1034

447 Honours and privileges of Heads of States1034

MONARCHS AND PRESIDENTS1035

448 Sovereignty of monarchs1035

449 Presidents not sovereigns1035

CONSIDERATION DUE TO MONARCHS AND PRESIDENTS1036

450 Monarchs and presidents treated similarly1036

451 Consideration due to Heads of States abroad1036

452 The retinue of Heads of States abroad1039

453 The families of Heads of States abroad1039

454 Position abroad of a Head of State in a private capacity1041

455 Head of State travelling incognito1042

456 Deposed and abdicated Heads of States1043

457 Regents1044

458 Heads of States in the service of foreign states1044

FOREIGN OFFICES1044

459 Position of the Minister for Foreign Affairs1045

460 Conclusiveness of statements of foreign ministries before national courts1046

Chapter 10 Diplomatic envoys1053

THE INSTITUTION OF LEGATION1053

461 Development of legations1053

462 Diplomacy1054

463 The language of diplomacy1054

RIGHT OF LEGATION1056

464 Concept of the right of legation1056

465 What states possess the right of legation1056

466 By whom the right of legation is exercised1057

467 Diplomatic relations1058

KINDS AND CLASSES OF DIPLOMATIC ENVOYS1058

468 Envoys ceremonial and political1058

469 Classes of diplomatic envoys1059

470 Ambassadors1060

471 Ministers and envoys1061

472 Charges d'affaires1061

473 The diplomatic corps1061

APPOINTMENT OF DIPLOMATIC ENVOYS1062

474 Person and qualifications of the envoy1062

475 Letters of credence,full powers1062

476 Combined diplomatic missions1063

477 Appointment of several envoys1063

RECEPTION OF DIPLOMATIC ENVOYS1063

478 No duty to receive diplomatic envoys1064

479 Refusal to receive a certain individual1064

480 Mode and solemnity of reception1064

481 Reception of envoys to conferences,and to international organisations1065

FUNCTIONS OF DIPLOMATIC ENVOYS1065

482 On diplomatic functions in general1065

483 Negotiation1066

484 Observation1066

485 Protection1066

486 Miscellaneous functions1066

487 Abstention from interference in internal affairs1068

POSITION OF DIPLOMATIC ENVOYS1069

488 Diplomatic envoys objects of international law1069

489 Privileges due to diplomatic envoys1069

490 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 19611070

491 Diplomatic envoys and members of the staff of the mission1071

INVIOLABILITY1072

492 Protection due to diplomatic agents1072

493 Limitation of inviolability1074

494 Inviolability of diplomatic premises1075

495 So-called diplomatic asylum1082

496 The Asylum case between Colombia and Peru1085

497 Inviolability of other diplomatic property1086

498 Inviolability of diplomatic communications1087

IMMUNITIES AND PRIVILEGES OF DIPLOMATIC AGENTS1090

499 Reason for immunities and privileges of diplomatic agents1090

500 Exemption from civil jurisdiction1092

501 Exemption from criminal jurisdiction1095

502 Exemption from police1097

503 Waiver of immunity and abuse of diplomatic privilege1097

504 Exemption from subpoena as witnesses1100

505 Exemption from taxes,local charges,and customs1101

506 Right of chapel1103

507 Self-jurisdiction1103

508 Miscellaneous privileges and exemptions1104

509 Duration of privileges and immunities1104

PERSONS OTHER THAN DIPLOMATIC AGENTS1107

510 Persons other than diplomatic agents1107

511 Members of the staff of the mission1108

512 Private servants1109

513 Families1110

514 Diplomatic couriers1112

POSITION OF MEMBERS OF DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AS REGARDS THIRD STATES1113

515 Possible cases1113

516 Envoy travelling through territory of third state1114

517 Envoy found by belligerent on occupied enemy territory1116

518 Legal proceedings in a third state1116

TERMINATION OF DIPLOMATIC MISSION1117

519 Termination of diplomatic missions and breach of diplomatic relations1117

520 Expiration of letter of credence1117

521 Recall1117

522 Dismissal1118

523 Breach of diplomatic relations1119

524 Promotion to a higher class1120

525 Outbreak of war1120

526 Constitutional changes1121

527 Revolutionary changes1121

528 Extinction of sending or receiving state1122

529 Death of envoy1123

530 Consequences of termination1124

SPECIAL MISSIONS1125

531 Special missions in general1125

532 Conferences1126

533 Convention on Special Missions 19691126

Chapter 11 Consuls1132

THE INSTITUTION OF CONSULS1132

534 Development of the institution of consuls1132

535 Nature of consular activity1133

536 Consular conventions1134

CONSULAR ORGANISATION1135

537 Different kinds of consuls1135

538 Consular districts1135

539 Different classes of consuls1136

540 Consuls subordinate to diplomatic envoys1136

APPOINTMENT OF CONSULS1137

541 No obligation to admit consuls1137

542 Right to appoint consuls1137

543 Mode of appointment and of admittance1137

FUNCTIONS OF CONSULS1139

544 Consular functions in general1139

545 Promotion of commerce and industry1139

546 Supervision of navigation and aircraft1140

547 Protection1140

548 Notarial functions1141

POSITION AND PRIVILEGES OF CONSULS1142

549 Position of consuls1142

550 Consular privileges1142

551 Duration of privileges and immunities1150

552 Obligations of third states1150

TERMINATION OF CONSULAR OFFICE1151

553 Causes of termination1151

554 Change in headship of states1152

555 Consequences of termination1153

Chapter 12 Miscellaneous agencies1154

ARMED FORCES ON FOREIGN TERRITORY1154

556 Armed forces as state organs1154

557 Occasions for armed forces to be abroad1154

558 Position of armed forces abroad1156

559 United Nations forces1164

STATE SHIPS OUTSIDE NATIONAL WATERS1165

560 Warships as state organs1165

561 Proof of character as warships1166

562 Occasions for warships to be abroad1166

563 Position of warships in foreign waters1167

564 Position of crew when on land abroad1169

565 State ships other than warships1170

AGENTS WITHOUT DIPLOMATIC OR CONSULAR CHARACTER1174

566 Agents lacking diplomatic or consular character1174

567 Political agents1174

568 Commercial agents1175

569 Clandestine agents:spies1176

570 Members of commissions1177

571 Observers and inspectors1177

Part 4 International transactions1179

Chapter 13 On international transactions in general1181

NEGOTIATION1181

572 Different kinds of international transaction1181

573 Consultation and negotiation1181

CONFERENCES1183

574 Conferences1183

575 Conferences:parties and procedure1184

TRANSACTIONS BESIDES NEGOTIATION AND TREATIES1187

576 Unilateral acts:general1187

577 Declarations1188

578 Notification1193

579 Protest1193

580 Renunciation1195

Chapter 14 Treaties1197

CHARACTER AND FUNCTION OF TREATIES1197

581 Development of the law of treaties:Vienna Conventions on the Law of Treaties 1969 and 19861197

582 Concept of treaties1199

583 So-called law-making treaties1203

584 Binding force of treaties1206

FORM AND PARTS OF TREATIES1207

585 Form of treaties1207

586 Acts,conventions,declarations,exchanges of notes,etc1208

587 Parts of treaties1210

OBJECTS OF TREATIES1211

588 Objects of treaties in general1211

589 Obligations limited to contracting parties1211

590 Effects of treaties inconsistent with other treaty obligations1211

591 Consequences of concluding treaties inconsistent with prior treaty obligations1214

592 Treaties inconsistent with the Charter of the United Nations1215

593 Immoral obligations1216

594 Ius cogens1217

PARTIES TO TREATIES1217

595 Treaty-making capacity of states1217

596 Treaty-making capacity of international organisations1219

597 Exercise of the treaty-making power:full powers1220

CONCLUSION AND ENTRY INTO FORCE OF TREATIES1222

598 Adoption and authentication of the text of a treaty1223

599 Mutual consent of the contracting parties1224

600 Signature1225

601 Exchange of instruments1226

602 Ratification:concept and function1226

603 Requirements of ratification1228

604 Delay in ratification1230

605 Refusal of ratification1230

606 Form and mode of ratification1231

607 Partial and conditional ratification1232

608 Exchange,deposit and notification of ratifications1234

609 Effect of ratification1234

610 Acceptance and approval of treaties1236

611 Accession1236

612 Effects prior to entry into force1238

613 Date and manner of entry into force1239

RESERVATIONS1240

614 Meaning and purpose of reservations1241

615 When reservations are prohibited1243

616 Effects of reservations on participation in a treaty (1)1244

617 Effects of reservations on participation in a treaty (2)1246

618 Effects of reservations on the terms of the treaty1247

619 Withdrawal of reservations,and procedure1247

EFFECT OF TREATIES1248

620 Effect of treaty on the parties1249

621 Territorial scope of treaties1250

622 Effect of treaties upon individuals1253

623 Effect of changes in government upon treaties1253

624 Amendment of treaties1254

625 Securing the performance of treaties1257

TREATIES AND THIRD STATES1260

626 Effects of treaties upon third states1260

627 Indirect imposition of obligations upon non-parties1263

628 Participation of third states in treaties1265

INTERPRETATION OF TREATIES1266

629 Purpose of interpretation1267

630 Authentic interpretation1268

631 Rules of interpretation1269

632 General rule of interpretation1271

633 Supplementary means of interpretation1275

634 Plurilingual treaties1283

INVALIDITY OF TREATIES1284

635 Invalidity in general1284

636 Constitutional restrictions1285

637 Restrictions on representative's powers1288

638 Error1288

639 Fraud1289

640 Corruption1289

641 Coercion1290

642 Conflict with ius cogens1292

643 Procedure in cases of invalidity1293

644 Consequences of invalidity1294

WITHDRAWAL,TERMINATION AND SUSPENSION1296

645 In general1296

646 Consent of the parties1296

647 Denunciation or withdrawal by notice1298

648 Conclusion of a later treaty1299

649 Breach1300

650 Supervening impossibility of performance1303

651 Fundamental changes of circumstances1304

652 Severance of diplomatic or consular relations1309

653 Emergence of new rule of ius cogens1309

654 Extinction,or change of status,of a party1310

655 War1310

656 Procedure1310

657 Consequences of termination,withdrawal or suspension of operation1311

RENEWAL,RECONFIRMATION,AND REDINTEGRATION OF TREATIES1311

658 Renewal of treaties1311

659 Reconfirmation1312

660 Redintegration1312

DEPOSITARIES AND REGISTRATION1312

661 Depositaries1313

662 Registration of treaties under the Covenant1314

663 Registration of treaties under the Charter1315

Chapter 15 Important groups of treaties1318

ALLIANCES1318

664 Concept of alliances1318

665 Alliances under the Charter of the United Nations1319

666 The casus foederis1322

TREATIES OF GUARANTEE AND OF PROTECTION1322

667 Concept and objects of treaties of guarantee1322

668 Effect of treaties of guarantee1324

MOST FAVOURED NATION TREATIES1326

669 Most favoured nation treaties1326