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1．Understanding the Computer1

1.1 Introduction1

1.2 Evolution of Computers3

1.3 Generations of Computers6

1.4 Classification of Computers11

1.5 Computing Concepts18

1.6 The Computer System18

1.7 Applications of Computers20

Chapter Summary21

Key Terms to Remember21

Review Questions Fill in the blanks22

Multiple Choice Questions23

Discussion Questions24

2．Computer Organisation and Architecture26

2.1 Introduction26

2.2 Central Processing Unit27

2.3 Internal Communications30

2.4 Machine Cycle34

2.5 The Bus35

2.6 Instruction Set36

Chapter Summary38

Key Terms to Remember38

Review Questions Fill in the blanks39

Multiple Choice Questions40

Discussion Questions41

3．Memory and Storage Systems43

3.1 Introduction43

3.2 Memory Representation44

3.3 Random Access Memory46

3.4 Read Only Memory49

3.5 Storage Systems50

3.6 Magnetic Storage Systems50

3.7 Optical Storage Systems53

3.8 Magneto Optical Systems55

3.9 Solid-state Storage Devices56

3.10 Storage Evaluaton Criteria58

Chapter Summary58

Key Terms to Remember59

Review Questions Fill in the blanks59

Multiple Choice Questions60

Discussion Questions61

4．Input Devices63

4.1 Introduction63

4.2 Keyboard64

4.3 Pointing Devices65

4.4 Scanning Devices68

4.5 Optical Recognition Devices70

4.6 Digital Camera72

4.7 Voice Recognition System74

4.8 Data Acquisition Sensors74

4.9 Media Input Devices74

Chapter Summary76

Key Terms to Remember76

Review Questions Fill in the blanks77

Multiple Choice Questions78

Discussion Questions79

5．Output Devices81

5.1 Introduction81

5.2 Display Monitors82

5.3 Printers84

5.4 Impact Printers84

5.5 Non-impact Printers86

5.6 Plotters87

5.7 Voice Output Systems88

5.8 Projectors89

5.9 Terminals89

Chapter Summary90

Key Terms to Remember90

Review Questions Fill in the blanks91

Multiple Choice Questions92

Discussion Questions93

6．Computer Codes94

6.1 Introduction94

6.2 Decimal System95

6.3 Binary System96

6.4 Hexadecimal System97

6.5 Octal System98

6.6 4-bit Binary Coded Decimal(BCD)Systems99

6.7 8-bit BCD Systems103

6.8 16-bit Unicode108

6.9 Conversion of Numbers110

Chapter Summary119

Key Terms to Remember119

Review Questions Fill in the blanks120

Multiple Choice Questions121

Discussion Questions122

7．Computer Arithmetic123

7.1 Introduction123

7.2 Binary Addition124

7.3 Binary Multiplication126

7.4 Binary Subtraction128

7.5 Binary Division130

7.6 Signed/unsigned Numbers132

7.7 Complements of Binary Numbers133

7.8 Binary Subtraction Using Complements137

7.9 Representing Numbers143

7.10 Integer Arithmetic145

7.11 Floating-point Arithmetic152

7.12 Errors in Arithmetic154

7.13 Laws of Arithmetic156

Chapter Summary158

Key Terms to Remember158

Review Questions Fill in the blanks159

Multiple Choice Questions159

Discussion Questions161

8．Boolean Algebra of Switching Circuits162

8.1 Introduction162

8.2 Elements of Boolean Algebra163

8.3 Basic Postulates of Boolean Algebra165

8.4 Boolean Operations166

8.5 Principle of Duality167

8.6 Basic Laws of Boolean Algebra168

8.7 Demorgan's Theorem178

8.8 Boolean Expressions180

8.9 Venn Diagram182

Chapter Summary184

Key Terms to Remember184

Review Questions Fill in the blanks185

Multiple Choice Questions186

Discussion Questions187

9．Logic Gates and Digital Circuits189

9.1 Introduction189

9.2 Basic Logic Gates190

9.3 Derived Logic Gates193

9.4 Conversion of Boolean Functions195

9.5 Adder Circuits202

9.6 Flip-flop Circuits204

9.7 Application of Flip-flops206

Chapter Summary209

Key Terms to Remember209

Review Questions Fill in the blanks209

Multiple Choice Questions210

Discussion Questions211

10．Computer Software213

10.1 Introduction213

10.2 Types of Computer Software214

10.3 System Management Programs215

10.4 System Development Programs217

10.5 Standard Application Programs220

10.6 Unique Application Programs223

10.7 Problem Solving225

10.8 Structuring the Logic228

10.9 Using the Computer231

Chapte rSummary232

Key Terms to Remember233

Review Questions Fill in the blanks234

Multiple Choice Questions234

Discussion Questions235

11．Operating Systems237

11.1 Introduction238

11.2 History of Operating Systems238

11.3 Functions of Operating Systems239

11.4 Process Management240

11.5 Memory Management246

11.6 File Management249

11.7 Device Management251

11.8 Security Management253

11.9 Types of Operating Systems253

11.10 Providing User Interface256

11.11 Popular Operating Systems258

Chapter Summary262

Key Terms to Remember263

Review Questions Fill in the blanks264

Multiple Choice Questions265

Discussion Questions266

12．Microsoft Software267

12.1 Introduction267

12.2 MS-DOS268

12.3 MS Word System278

12.4 MS Excel System290

12.5 MS Powerpoint System298

12.6 MS Access System303

12.7 MS Publisher319

Chapter Summary327

Key Terms to Remember328

Review Questions Fill in the blanks329

Multiple Choice Questions329

Discussion Questions331

13．Programming Languages332

13.1 Introduction332

13.2 History of Programming Languages333

13.3 Generations of Programming Languages335

13.4 Characteristics of a Good Programming Language340

13.5 Categorisation of High-level Languages341

13.6 Popular High-level Languages343

13.7 Factors Affecting the Choice of a Language347

13.8 Developing a Program348

13.9 Running a Program351

Chapter Summary352

Key Terms to Remember352

Review Questions353

Fill in the blanks353

Multiple Choice Questions354

Discussion Questions355

14．Data Communications and Networks356

14.1 Introduction356

14.2 Data Communication Using Modem357

14.3 Computer Network359

14.4 Network Topologies365

14.5 Network Protocols and Software369

14.6 Applications of Network370

Chapter Summary370

Key Terms to Remember371

Review Questions371

Fill in the blanks371

Multiple Choice Questions372

Discussion Questions373

15．The Internet and World Wide Web375

15.1 Introduction375

15.2 History of Internet376

15.3 Internet Applications378

15.4 Understanding the World Wide Web381

15.5 Web Browsers381

15.6 Browsing the internet384

15.7 Using a Search Engine386

15.8 Email Service389

15.9 Protocols Used for the Internet389

Chapter Summary392

Key Terms to Remember392

Review Questions Fill in the blanks393

Multiple Choice Questions393

Discussion Questions395

16．Introduction to C Programming396

16.1 Introduction396

16.2 Characer set,Keywords and Data Types398

16.3 Preprocessor Directives401

16.4 Constants and Variable Types403

16.5 Operators and Statements406

16.6 Control Statements411

16.7 Arrays and Strings432

16.8 Functions434

16.9 Structures439

16.10 Pointers442

16.11 Files in C443

Chapter Summary445

Sample Programs445

Key Terms to Remember449

Review Questions Fill in the blanks450

Multiple Choice Questions451

Discussion Questions452

Appendix A453

Appendix B460