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1 Introduction1

1.1 The Rise of Organised Crime1

1.2 Contemporary Manifestation of Organised Crime4

1.3 The Scope and Aim of This Book7

Part Ⅰ: Concepts, Norms and Principles11

2 Understanding Organised Crime from a Multi-Disciplinary Perspective13

2.1 Introduction13

2.2 Concepts of Organised Crime from a Multi-disciplinary Perspective14

2.2.1 Organised Crime as a Set of Actors14

2.2.2 Organised Crime as a Set of Activities19

2.3 Legal Definitions of Organised Crime in National and International Law24

2.3.1 Definitions of Organised Crime in International Law24

2.3.1.1 General Discussion24

2.3.1.2 The Transnational Nature of Organised Crime28

2.3.1.3 'Transnational'and 'International' Crime30

2.3.2 Definitions of Organised Crime in National Law33

2.4 Conclusions36

3 Obligations of States under International Law39

3.1 Introduction39

3.2 The Nature and Extent of Obligations under International Law40

3.2.1 Prohibition of Organised Crime and Associated Acts40

3.2.2 Criminal Jurisdiction over Organised Crime47

3.2.3 Special Investigative Techniques and Intelligence-Led Law Enforcement55

3.2.4 Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters57

3.2.4.1 Extradition57

3.2.4.2 Other Mutual Legal Assistance64

3.2.5 Prevention of Organised Crime66

3.3 Key Legal Challenges Facing Effective Implementation of Obligations68

3.3.1 Periods of Limitations for Organised Crime68

3.3.2 Immunity of Government Officials and Diplomats69

3.3.3 Protection of Human Rights of Suspects/Defendants75

3.4 Conclusions79

4 The Role of Non-state Actors in Suppression and Prevention of Organised Crime81

4.1 Introduction81

4.2 The Role of Non-state Actors in Prevention and Suppression of Organised Crime82

4.2.1 The Concept of Global Governance82

4.2.2 Global Governance over Transnational Organised Crime86

4.2.2.1 Decision-Making and Participation86

4.2.2.2 Accountability93

4.2.2.2.1 Individual Criminal Responsibility93

4.2.2.2.2 Criminal Organisations100

4.2.2.2.3 Legal Persons104

4.2.2.2.4 International Organisations106

4.3 Towards an Inclusive Notion of the 'International Community'113

4.4 Conclusions116

Part Ⅱ: Enforcement of Norms and Principles119

5 National Case Studies of Thailand, Serbia, Kosovo and the UK121

5.1 Introduction121

5.2 Thailand122

5.2.1 Legal Framework to Address Organised Crime122

5.2.1.1 Legislation on Substantive Offences122

5.2.1.2 Legislation on Criminal Procedure and International Co-operation124

5.2.1.2.1 Criminal Jurisdiction and Investigative Powers124

5.2.1.2.2 The Rights of Suspects/Defendants, Victims and Witnesses126

5.2.1.2.3 Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters127

5.2.2 Assessment of Law Enforcement in Thailand129

5.3 Serbia133

5.3.1 Legal Framework to Address Organised Crime133

5.3.1.1 Legislation on Substantive Offences133

5.3.1.2 Legislation on Criminal Procedure and International Co-operation135

5.3.1.2.1 Criminal Jurisdiction and Investigative Powers135

5.3.1.2.2 The Rights of Suspects/Defendants, Victims and Witnesses138

5.3.1.2.3 Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters140

5.3.2 Assessment of Law Enforcement in Serbia141

5.4 Kosovo145

5.4.1 Legal Framework to Address Organised Crime145

5.4.1.1 Legislation on Substantive Offences145

5.4.1.2 Legislation on Criminal Procedure and International Co-operation148

5.4.1.2.1 Criminal Jurisdiction and Investigative Powers148

5.4.1.2.2 The Rights of Suspects/Defendants, Victims and Witnesses150

5.4.1.2.3 Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters151

5.4.2 Assessment of Law Enforcement in Kosovo152

5.5 The UK157

5.5.1 Legal Framework to Address Organised Crime157

5.5.1.1 Legislation on Substantive Offences157

5.5.1.2 Legislation on Criminal Procedure and International Co-operation159

5.5.1.2.1 Criminal Jurisdiction and Investigative Powers159

5.5.1.2.2 The Rights of Suspects/Defendants, Victims and Witnesses162

5.5.1.2.3 Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters163

5.5.2 Assessment of Law Enforcement in the UK165

5.6 Comparative Analysis170

5.7 Conclusions174

6 The EU and Transnational Organised Crime175

6.1 Introduction175

6.2 Law, Policies and Measures under the TEU176

6.2.1 Overview176

6.2.2 Analysis of the TEU Measures179

6.3 Law, Policies and Measures under the TEU as Revised by the Treaty of Amsterdam182

6.3.1 Overview182

6.3.2 Approximation of National Laws183

6.3.3 Mutual Recognition of Judicial Decisions186

6.3.4 The Principle of Availability—Intelligence Exchange191

6.3.5 Analysis of Measures under the TEU as Revised by the Treaty of Amsterdam193

6.3.5.1 Application of Approximation, Mutual Recognition and the Principle of Availability193

6.3.5.2 Other Issues199

6.4 The Future of the EU Action against Organised Crime in Light of the Lisbon Treaty202

6.5 Conclusions205

7 International Responses to Transnational Organised Crime207

7.1 Introduction207

7.2 Monitoring Implementation of the Organised Crime Convention208

7.3 Provision of Technical Assistance210

7.4 International Co-operation216

7.4.1 Inter-state Co-operation216

7.4.2 Inter-Agency Co-operation: UNIAP220

7.5 Conclusions224

8 Conclusion227

Selected Bibliography231

Books and Articles231

Reports and Working Papers240

Index243