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Part One The Victims and International Law3

Some Previous Questions3

The Approach of International Law to Victims3

The International Norms Related to Victims9

International Norms of a General or Universal Scope: United Nations10

International Norms of a Regional Scope17

Europe: The Council of Europe and the European Union17

America: The Organization of American States (OAS)33

References37

The International Categories of Victims39

The International Concept of Victim: Almost as Many Concepts of Victim as Categories of Victims39

The Different International Categories of Victims40

Victims of Crime40

The General or Universal System of United Nations40

The European Regional System: The Council of Europe and the European Union42

Victims of Abuse of Power43

Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious44

Violations of International Humanitarian Law44

Victims of Violations of International Criminal Law45

The International Criminal Court (ICC)48

The International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda51

Victims of Enforced Disappearance52

The General or Universal System of United Nations52

The American Regional System: The Organization of American States (OAS)56

Victims of Trafficking56

Victims of Terrorism58

References61

Special Reference to the Victims of Terrorism63

Victims of Terrorism and International Law: From Ignorance to Recognition63

The Concept of Victim of Terrorism70

A Previous Question: The Concept of Terrorism71

The Concept of Terrorism in the Frame of United Nations73

The Concept of Terrorism in the Frame of the European Union77

The Concept of Terrorism in the Frame of Other Regional Systems79

Consequently, There Are Sufficient Elements to Build a Concept of Terrorism80

The Lack of a Concept of "Victim of Terrorism": Proposals82

The Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime: an inadequate response for victims of terrorism83

The Need for a Specific International Norm on the Victims of Terrorism86

References87

The Existence of Common Elements in the Different Definitions of Victim89

References96

Part Two The Rights Recognized to Victims by International Norms99

A Previous Question: The Legal Nature of Victims' Rights99

The Legal Nature of Victims' Rights99

Criteria for Determining the Attitude of the State and the Legal Effects of the Institutional Norm111

Characteristics of the Rights of Victims Recognized by International Norms120

The Majority Are Rights Already into Force in International Law of Human Rights120

They Are Also Rights Which Are Interpreted by International Bodies Under International Treaties of Human Rights123

They Are Rights That Are Interrelated and That Have Links Between Each Other129

References131

The Catalogue of Rights Afforded to Victims by International Norms133

Right of Emergency Assistance133

Right of Continuing Assistance136

Right to Investigation and to Prosecution138

Right to an Official Effective Investigation143

The Role of Victims Regardless of Whether They Have Filed an Official Complaint or Not150

Victims' Right to Ask for the Re-examination of the State's Decision Not to Take Action to Prosecute a Suspected Perpetrator of a Victimizer Act153

The Right of Effective Access to the Law and to Justice155

The Right to a Judicial Resolution Within a Reasonable Delay174

Right to Reparation and Compensation177

Right to the Protection of Private and Family Life201

The Right to the Protection of the Dignity and Security207

Right to Information213

Right to the Specific Training for Persons Responsible for Assisting Victims221

The Right to Truth224

Right to Memory233

Increased Protection242

References243

Conclusions245

International Norms257

Table of Cases265

Bibliography269