语音学与音系学入门2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

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1 Introduction1

1.1 Phonetics and phonology1

1.2 Theory and analysis4

1.3 Relationships with other fields6

1.4 Outline of this book7

Exercises9

2 Segmental Articulation10

2.1 Introduction10

2.2 A functional overview of the speech production process11

2.3 The organs of speech15

2.4 Describing speech sounds16

2.5 Airstream mechanisms16

2.6 Modes of phonation19

2.7 Vocalic sounds22

2.8 Duration and glide in vocalic articulations33

2.9 Consonantal sounds36

2.10 Vocal tract place38

2.11 Tongue position41

2.12 Manner of articulation42

2.13 Stricture49

2.14 Force51

2.15 Length52

2.16 Voice onset52

Exercises54

3 Units of Speech56

3.1 Identifying the units of speech57

3.2 Complex articulations62

3.3 Nasalization63

3.4 Labialization64

3.5 Palatalization64

3.6 Velarization and pharyngealization65

3.7 Affrication65

3.8 Double articulation66

3.9 Vowel retroflexion66

3.10 Diphthongization67

3.11 Syllabicity67

3.12 Segmentation and structure69

3.13 Diphthongs and related phenomena72

3.14 Interpretations75

Exercises80

4 The Phonemic Organization of Speech82

4.1 Phonetic variability82

4.2 The phoneme91

4.3 Allophones94

4.4 Phonemic norms99

4.5 Pattern and symmetry100

4.6 Phonological reality104

4.7 Units and boundaries106

4.8 Invariance and overlap108

4.9 Biuniqueness and neutralization110

4.10 Morphophonemic alternations115

4.11 Free variation117

4.12 The sounds of the world's languages119

Exercises125

5 The Generative Approach to Phonology128

5.1 The origins of generative phonology128

5.2 The sound pattern of English131

5.3 Basic rule notation in generative phonology133

5.4 Formalism and evaluation139

5.5 Abbreviatory devices in rule notation141

5.6 Rule order147

5.7 Functional considerations150

5.8 Naturalness and markedness154

5.9 Abstractness156

Exercises159

6 The Anatomy and Physiology of Speech Production161

6.1 Introduction161

6.2 Conventions of anatomical description162

6.3 The nervous system164

6.4 The respiratory system170

6.5 The larynx178

6.6 Phonation186

6.7 The pharynx191

6.8 The velum and the nasal cavity193

6.9 The oral cavity197

6.10 The tongue197

6.11 The lips200

6.12 The mandible203

Exercises205

7 The Acoustics of Speech Production206

7.1 The nature of sound207

7.2 The propagation of sound209

7.3 Simple harmonic motion211

7.4 Complex vibrations215

7.5 Resonance219

7.6 Basic amplitude properties of sound waves222

7.7 Time domain properties of sound waves226

7.8 Frequency domain properties of sound waves227

7.9 Some basic perceptual properties of sound waves232

7.10 The acoustic model of speech production236

7.11 Phonation as a sound source237

7.12 Sources of frication241

7.13 The vocal tract filter in vowel production243

7.14 Spectrographic analysis of speech253

7.15 Acoustic properties of vowel quality266

7.16 The vocal tract filter in consonant production275

7.17 The acoustic properties of consonants in syllables282

7.18 The relationship between articulatory and acoustic properties of speech production292

7.19 Acoustic features of prosody295

Exercises300

8 Speech Perception301

8.1 Introduction301

8.2 The auditory system302

8.3 Psychophysical properties of the auditory system306

8.4 Speech intelligibility309

8.5 Acoustic-phonetic perception312

8.6 Vowel perception315

8.7 Consonant perception317

8.8 Units of perception318

8.9 Prosodic perception322

8.10 Word recognition324

8.11 Models of speech perception324

8.12 Conclusion326

Exercises326

9 Prosody328

9.1 Introduction328

9.2 The phonetic basis of suprasegmentals331

9.3 The systemic organization of prosody339

9.4 Tone languages343

9.5 Pitch-accent languages347

9.6 Stress in English348

9.7 Stress assignment353

9.8 Intonation in English358

Exercises362

10 Feature Systems364

10.1 Introduction364

10.2 Acoustic features365

10.3 Articulatory features366

10.4 Perceptual features367

10.5 Distinctive features368

10.6 Cover features370

10.7 Abstract features371

10.8 Accuracy and universality372

10.9 Universal feature systems376

10.10 Features and discreteness377

10.11 Hierarchical organization of features379

10.12 Feature geometry381

10.13 Overview383

Exercises384

11 The Progress of Phonology385

11.1 Currents of theory386

11.2 Phonetics and phonology before the twentieth century389

11.3 The phoneme391

11.4 The traditions of phonetics392

11.5 Phonology in North America393

11.6 The Prague School395

11.7 Glossematics and stratificational phonology396

11.8 Prosodic phonology398

11.9 Generative phonology400

11.10 Natural generative phonology402

11.11 Natural phonology404

11.12 Autosegmental and CV phonology405

11.13 Metrical phonology410

11.14 Lexical phonology412

11.15 Dependency phonology414

11.16 Experimental phonology416

11.17 Conclusion418

Exercises420

Appendix 1：Phonetic Symbols422

1.1 Vowel symbols422

1.2 Consonant symbols423

1.3 Diacritics and conventions for complex articulations425

1.4 Symbols used in transcription of English426

Appendix 2：Features429

2.1 Jakobson and Halle's distinctive features429

2.2 Chomsky and Halle's universal set of phonetic features430

2.3 Ladefoged's‘Traditional Features'432

2.4 Components in dependency phonology433

References435

Index455

文库索引469