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The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences1

Acquisition, Formal Theories of1

Adaptation and Adaptationism3

Affordances4

Aging and Cognition6

Aging, Memory, and the Brain7

AI and Education9

Algorithm11

Altruism12

Ambiguity14

Amygdala, Primate15

Analogy17

Anaphora20

Animal Communication22

Animal Navigation24

Animal Navigation, Neural Networks26

Animism28

Anomalous Monism30

Aphasia31

Articulation33

Artifacts and Civilization35

Artificial Life37

Attention39

Attention in the Animal Brain41

Attention in the Human Brain43

Attribution Theory46

Audition48

Auditory Attention50

Auditory Physiology52

Auditory Plasticity56

Autism58

Automata60

Automaticity63

Autonomy of Psyhology64

Bartlett, Frederic Charles66

Basal Ganglia67

Bayesian Learning70

Bayesian Networks72

Behavior-Based Robotics74

Behaviorism77

Bilingualism and the Brain80

Binding by Neural Synchrony81

Binding Problem85

Binding Theory86

Unity of Science86

Blindsight88

Bloomfield, Leonard90

Boas Franz91

Bounded Rationality92

Brentano, Franz94

Broadbent, Donald E.95

Broca, Paul97

Cajal, Santiago Ramón y98

Case-Based Reasoning and Analogy99

Categorial Grammar101

Categorization104

Causal Reasoning106

Causation108

Cerebellum110

Cerebral Cortex111

Chess, Psychology of113

Chinese Room Argument115

Church-Turing Thesis116

Codeswitching118

Cognitive Anthropology120

Cognitive Archaeology122

Cognitive Architecture124

Cognitive Artifacts126

Cognitive Development128

Cognitive Ergonomics130

Cognitive Ethology132

Cognitive Linguistics134

Cognitive Maps135

Cognitive Modeling, Connectionist137

Cognitive Modeling, Symbolic141

Color Categorization143

Color, Neurophysiology of145

Color Vision147

Columns and Modules148

Comparative Psychology150

Compositionality152

Computation153

Computation and the Brain155

Computational Complexity158

Computational Learning Theory159

Computational Lexicons160

Computational Linguistics162

Computational Neuroanatomy164

Computational Neuroscience166

Computational Psycholinguistics168

Computational Theory Of Mind170

Computational Vision172

Computing in Single Neurons174

Concepts176

Conceptual Change179

Conditioning182

Conditioning and the Brain184

Connectionism, Philosophical Issues186

Connectionist Approaches to Language188

Consciousness190

Consciousness, Neurobiology of193

Constraint Satisfaction195

Context and Point of View198

Control Theory199

Cooperation and Competition201

Cortical Localization, History of203

Creativity205

Creoles206

Cultural Consensus Theory208

Cultural Evolution209

Cultural Psychology211

Cultural Relativism213

Cultural Symbolism216

Cultural Variation217

Darwin, Charles218

Decision Making220

Decision Trees223

Deductive Reasoning225

Depth Perception227

Descartes, René229

Discourse231

Dissonance233

Distinctive Features234

Distributed vs. Local Representation236

Domain-Specificity238

Dominance in Animal Social Groups240

Dreaming242

Gestalt Perception244

Dynamic Approaches to Cognition244

Dynamic Programming246

Dynamic Semantics247

Dyslexia249

Ebbinghaus, Hermann251

Echolocation253

Ecological Psychology255

Ecological Validity257

Economics and Cognitive Science259

Education261

Electrophysiology, Electric and Magnetic Evoked Fields262

Eliminative Materialism265

Emergentism267

Emotion and the Animal Brain269

Emotion and the Human Brain271

Emotions273

Epiphenomenalism275

Episodic vs. Semantic Memory278

Epistemology and Cognition280

Essentialism282

Ethics and Evolution284

Ethnopsychology286

Ethology288

Evolution290

Evolution of Language292

Evolutionary Computation293

Evolutionary Psychology295

Expertise298

Explanation300

Explanation-Based Learning301

Explanatory Gap304

Extensionality, Thesis of305

Eye Movements and Visual Attention306

Face Recognition309

Feature Detectors311

Figurative Language314

Focus315

Folk Biology317

Folk Psychology319

Formal Grammars320

Formal Systems, Properties of322

Frame-Based Systems324

Frame Problem326

Frege, Gottlob327

Freud, Sigmund328

Functional Decomposition329

Functional Role Semantics331

Functionalism332

Fuzzy Logic335

Game-Playing Systems336

Game Theory338

Generative Grammar340

Geschwind, Norman343

Gestalt Psychology346

Gibson, James Jerome349

Godel s Theorems351

Golgi, Camillo352

Grammar, Neural Basis of354

Grammatical Relations355

Greedy Local Search357

Grice, H. Paul359

Haptic Perception360

Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar362

Head Movement364

Hebb, Donald O.366

Helmboltz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von367

Hemispheric Specialization369

Heuristic Search372

Hidden Markov Models373

High-Level Vision374

Hippocampus377

Human-Computer Interaction379

Human Navigation380

Human Universals382

Hume, David384

Illusions385

Imagery387

Imitation389

Implicature391

Implicit vs. Explicit Memory394

Indexicals and Demonstratives395

Individualism397

Induction399

Inductive Logic Programming400

Infant Cognition402

Information Theory404

Informational Semantics406

Innateness of Language408

Intelligence409

Intelligent Agent Architecture411

Intentional Stance412

Intentionality413

Intersubjectivity415

Introspection419

Jakobson, Roman421

James, William422

Judgment Heuristics423

Justification425

Kant, Immanuel427

Knowledge Acquisition428

Knowledge-Based Systems430

Knowledge Representation432

Language Acquisition434

Language and Communication438

Language and Culture441

Language and Gender442

Language and Thought444

Language Impairment, Developmental446

Language, Neural Basis of448

Language of Thought451

Language Production453

Language Variation and Change456

Lashley, Karl S.458

Learning460

Learning Systems461

Lévi-Strauss, Claude463

Lexical Functional Grammar464

Lexicon467

Lexicon, Neural Basis469

Lightness Perception471

Limbic System472

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis475

Linguistic Universals and Universal Grammar476

Linguistics, Philosophical Issues478

Literacy481

Logic482

Logic Programming484

Logical Form in Linguistics486

Logical Form, Origins of488

Logical Omniscience, Problem of489

Logical Reasoning Systems491

Long-Term Potentiation492

Luria, Alexander Romanovich494

Machiavellian Intelligence Hypothesis495

Machine Learning497

Machine Translation498

Machine Vision501

Magic and Superstition503

Magnetic Resonance Imaging505

Malinowski, Bronislaw507

Manipulation and Grasping508

Marr, David511

McCulloch, Warren S.512

Meaning513

Memory514

Memory, Animal Studies517

Memory, Human Neuropsychology520

Memory Storage, Modulation of522

Mental Causation524

Mental Models525

Mental Representation527

Mental Retardation529

Mental Rotation531

Metacognition533

Metaphor535

Metaphor and Culture537

Metareasoning539

Metarepresentation541

Meter and Poetry543

Mid-Level Vision545

Mind-Body Problem546

Minimalism548

Minimum Description Length550

Mobile Robots551

Modal Logic554

Modeling Neuropsychological Deficits555

Modularity and Language557

Modularity of Mind558

Moral Psychology561

Morphology562

Motion, Perception of564

Motivation566

Motivation and Culture568

Motor Control570

Motor Learning571

Multiagent Systems573

Multisensory Integration574

Naive Mathematics575

Naive Physics577

Naive Sociology579

Narrow Content581

Nativism583

Nativism, History of586

Natural Kinds588

Natural Language Generation589

Natural Language Processing592

Neural Development594

Neural Networks597

Neural Plasticity598

Neuroendocrinology601

Neuron603

Neurotransmitters605

Newell, Allen607

Nonmonotonic Logics608

Numeracy and Culture611

Object Recognition, Animal Studies613

Object Recognition, Human Neuropsychology615

Oculomotor Control618

Optimality Theory620

Pain622

Parameter-Setting Approaches to Acquisition, Creolization, and Diachrony624

Parsimony and Simplicity627

Pattern Recognition and Feed-Forward Networks629

Penfield, Wilder631

Perceptual Development632

Phantom Limb635

Phonetics636

Phonological Rules and Processes637

Phonology639

Phonology, Acquisition of641

Phonology, Neural Basis of643

Physicalism645

Piaget, Jean647

Pictorial Art and Vision648

Pitts, Walter651

Planning652

Polysynthetic Languages654

Positron Emission Tomography656

Possible Worlds Semantics659

Poverty of the Stimulus Arguments660

Pragmatics661

Presupposition664

Primate Cognition666

Primate Language669

Probabilistic Reasoning671

Probability, Foundations of673

Problem Solving674

Production Systems676

Propositional Attitudes678

Prosody and Intonation679

Prosody and Intonation, Processing Issues682

Psychoanalysis, Contemporary Views683

Psychoanalysis, History of685

Psycholinguistics688

Psychological Laws690

Psychophysics691

Qualia693

Quantifiers694

Radical Interpretation696

Rational Agency698

Rational Choice Theory699

Rational Decision Making701

Rationalism vs. Empiricism703

Reading705

Realism and Anti-Realism707

Recurrent Networks709

Reductionism712

Reference, Theories of714

Reinforcement Learning715

Relational Grammar717

Relevance and Relevance Theory719

Religious Ideas and Practices720

Retina722

Robotics and Learning723

Rules and Representations724

Sapir, Edward726

Saussure, Ferdinand de728

Schemata729

Scientific Thinking and Its Development730

Self733

Self-Knowledge735

Self-Organizing Systems737

Semantics739

Semantics, Acquisition of742

Semiotics and Cognition744

Sensations745

Sense and Reference746

Sentence Processing748

Sexual Attraction, Evolutionary Psychology of751

Shape Perception753

Sign Language and the Brain756

Sing Languages758

Signal Detection Theory760

Similarity763

Simulation vs. Theory-Theory765

Single-Neuron Recording766

Situated Cognition and Learning767

Situatedness/Embeddedness769

Sleep772

Smell775

Social Cognition777

Situation Calculus777

Social Cognition in Animals778

Social Play Behavior780

Sociobiology783

Spatial Perception784

Speech Perception787

Speech Recognition in Machines790

Speech Synthesis792

Sperry, Roger Wolcott794

Spoken Word Recognition796

Statistical Learning Theory798

Statistical Techniques in Natural Language Processing801

Stereo and Motion Perception802

Stereotyping804

Stress806

Stress, Linguistic808

Structure form Visual Information Sources810

Supervenience812

Supervised Learning in Multilayer Neural Networks814

Surface Perception816

Syntax818

Syntax, Acquisition of820

Syntax-Semantics Interface824

Taste826

Technology and Human Evolution828

Temporal Reasoning829

Tense and Aspect831

Teuber, Hans-Lukas832

Texture833

Thalamus835

Thematic Roles837

Theory of Mind838

Time in the Mind841

Tone843

Top-Down Processing in Vision844

Transparency845

Turing, Alan Mathison847

Tversky, Amos849

Twin Earth850

Typology852

Uncertainty853

Unsupervised Learning857

Utility Theory859

Vagueness861

Vision and Learning863

Visual Anatomy and Physiology864

Visual Cortex, Cell Types and Connections in867

Visual Neglect869

Visual Object Recognition, AI871

Visual Processing Streams873

Visual Word Recognition875

Von Neumann, John876

Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich878

Walking and Running Machines879

Wh-Movement882

What-It s-Like883

Wiener, Norbert884

Word Meaning, Acquisition of886

Working Memory888

Working Memory, Neural Basis of890

Writing Systems894

Wundt, Wilhelm896

X-Bar Theory898

List of Contributors901

Name Index913

Subject Index945